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EHN ASY A
1904
l!V
W. M. FLINDERS PETRI E
HoK. U.C.L., LL.D., LiiT.U., Ph.D., P.K.S., K.D.A., Hon. F.S.A. (Scot.)
MEMBER OV THE ROVAI, IBISH .ACADEMY;
MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL GERMAN ARCIIAEOLOGICAI, INSTITUTE;
CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY, r.ERMN;
ME.MBER OK THE ROMAN SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY;
MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OP NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES;
EDWARDS PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON.
With Gha2iters by F. Ll. GRIFFITH, F.S.A., and C. T. CURRELLY, M.A.
TWENTY-SIXTH JIEMOIR OF
THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND
PUBLISHED BY OttDEIi OF THE COMMITTEE
LONDON
SOLD AT
The offices OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND, 37, Gkeat Russell Street, W.C.
AND Pierce Buildi.vg, Copley Squake, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
AND BY KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO.. Dryden House, Vi, Gekrard Street, Soho, W.
B. QUARITCH, 15, Piccadilly, W. : AS HER &, CO., 13, Bedford Street, Covent Gabde.v, W.C.
AND HENRY FROWDE, Amen Corner, B.C.
1905
I
'mmim
- \
/oJ'
GOLD STATUETTE OF HERSHEFI WITH NAME OF IMEFERKARA PEF-DUBAST TEMPLE OF EHNASYA DOUBLE SIZE
XXlll DYNASTY
EHN AS Y A
1904
BY
W. M. FLINDERS J^ETRIE
Hon. D.C.L., LL.D., Litt.D., Ph.D., P.R.S., F.B.A., Hon. P.S.A. (Scot.)
MEMBER OF THE KOYAL IRISH ACADEMY ;
MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL GERMAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL IN-STITUTE ;
CORRE.SPONDING MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY, BERLIN;
MEMBER OF THF. ROMAN SOCIETY OP ANTHROPOLOGY;
MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OP NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES;
EDWARn.S PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY', UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON.'
WifJi Chapters by F. Ll. GRIFFITH, F.S.A., and C. T. CURRELLY, :\r..V.
TWENTY-SIXTH MEMOIR OF
"^ THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND
LONDON
SOLD AT
The offices OF THE EGYPT EXPLOEATION FUND, 37, Gke.\t Russell Street, W.C.
AND 8, Beacon Street, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
AND BY KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., Dryden House, 43, Gerrakd Street, Soho. W.
B. QUARI'ICII, \o. I'lciAi.n.Lv, \V. ; ASUER & CO., 13, Bedford Street, Covent Garden, W'.V.
AND DENRY FROWUE, Amen Cornee, E.G.
190;-)
LONDON : PRINTKD BV (UIBERT AND RIVINCTON LIMITKn,
ST. John's house, clerkenwkll.
EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND.
Iprcsificiit. SIR JOHN EVANS, K.C.li., D.C.L., LL.D., F.E.S., V.P.S.A.
Wicc=ipresi5ciits.
The Et. Hon. Thk Eakl of Ceowee, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., K.C.S.I. (Egypt).
Genee.\l Loed GiiBNFELL, G.C.B., G.C.M.G. SiE E. Maunde-Thoupson, K.C.B., D.C.L.,
LL.D. The Rev. Peof. A. H. Sayce, M.A., LL.D.
The Hon. Ghas. L. Hutchinson (U.S.A.). Peof. G. Masi'euo, D.C.L. (Prance). Pkof. Ad. Ekman, Ph.D. (Germany). JosiAH Mullens, Esq. (Australia).
1bon. Jlrcasurcts. H. A. Geuebee, Esq., F.S.A. Gaedner M. Lane, Esq. (U.S.A.).
Iboii. Secretaries. .1. S. Cotton, Esq., M.A. John Ellerton Lodge, Esq. (U.S.A.
/iftcmbers ot Committee.
T. H. Baylis, Esq., M.A., K.C., V.D.
C. P. MoBERLY Bell, Esq.
J. R. Carter, Esq. (U.S.A.).
SoMERs Clarke, Esq., F.S.A.
W. E. Crum, Esq., M.A.
Louis Dyer, Esq., M.A. (for U.S.A. Com'").
Arthur John Evans, Esq., M.A., F.R.S.
Prof. Ernest A. Gardner, M.A.
P. Ll. Griffith, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.
P. G. Kenyon, Esq., M.A., Litt.D.
Prop. Alexander Macalistkr, M.D.
Mrs. McClure.
The Rev. W. MacGregor, M.A. C. McIlv.une, Esq. (U.S.A.). The M.\rqubss of Northampton. Francis Wm. Percival, Esq., M.A., F.S.A. F. G. Hilton Price, Esq., Dir.S.A. Sir Herbert Thompson, Bart. Mrs. Tiraed.
Emanuel M. Underdown, Esq., K.C. John Ward, Esq., F.S.A. E. TowRY Whyte, Esq., M.A., F.S.A. Major-General Sir Charles W. Wilson, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., P.E.S.
CONTENTS.
Introduction.
SECT.
1. Pi-Qspects of work . . . .
2. Pei'suual ......
3. Sites of the work . . . .
CHArTEH I.
The Site Before the Te.mple.
4. Tlie earlier houses ....
5. Date of first temple ....
6. liurifils before the temple .
CHAPTER II. The Temi'ee of the XIItii Dynasty.
7. Levels of first temple .
8. Levels of Tahutmes III.
9. Levels oi' liamessu II.
10. Levels of later temples
11. Plan of first temple .
12. Lintels of first temple
CHAPTER III.
The Te.mpee of the XVIIIth Dynasty.
13. Outlines (h-a\vn .....
14. Dimensions .....
15. Portico .....
CHAPTER IV. The Temi'i.e of the XLXth Dynasty.
16. The court and colossi .
17. Tlie triads . . . . . .
PAGE 1
1
9
SECT.
18. Tile portico
19. Tlie halls .
CHAPTER V.
The Later Ticmfles.
CHAPTER VL Descrii'Tion of Plates and Object
30. i. The gold statuette
31. ii-x. The views
32. xi-xiv. Xllth Dynasty sculpture j 33, xvxxvi. IJauiesside sculpture .
i 34, xxvii-xxviii. Later sculpture . 8 ! 35. Iron tools and small objects
8 36. Plans of houses and views .
CHAPTER VIL
The Roman Houses.
37. Nature of the town
9 ' 38, Houses of llird century a.d. 9 39. Houses of lA'th century a.d.
PAGE
lu
II
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20. |
Levels ..... |
12 |
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21. |
Dates ..... |
12 |
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22, |
The portico .... |
12 |
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23. |
Dimensions of columns |
!?, |
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24. |
Drums under columns |
1.5 |
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25. |
Statues in/ portico |
]') |
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26. |
Hypostyle Hall .... |
1.5 |
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27. |
Back halls .... |
l(\ |
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28, |
XXXth Dynasty and Roman |
17 |
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29. |
Destruction of temjile |
17 |
]8 1!) 19 20 22 23 24
26 26 27
CONTENTS.
SECT.
40. Houses of Vtli century a.d.
41. Houses of Vllth century a.d.
42. Houses of Vlllth century a.d.
CHAPTER VIII. The I'oTTEUY.
43. Dishes, cups, &c.
44. Handled vases .
PAGE
27
28 28
30 3U
CHAPTER IX.
The Cemetkkies of Sedment and Cuuob.
(By C. T. Cukrelly.) Sedmeid.
45. The known tombs
46. Tavo Roman cemeteries
47. Scattered southern tombs .
32 32 32
Guroh. 48. Encrusted tombs
SECT.
49. Pottery coffins .
50. Roman burials .
51. The hillock tombs
52. Animal heads .
53. The plunderers' leavings .
54. Roman and Christian tombs
55. Prehistoric tombs
56. The animal cemetery .
33
PAGE
33 34 34 34 34 34 35 35
CHAPTER X.
Tue Sri'E OF BuTo. (By W. M. F. Petrie and C. T. Cui;.uelly.)
57. The town .
58. The temple
59. The change of level
60. Position of cemetery
61. Careless burials .
62. Roman coffins . Index
36 36 37
38 38 38 39
LIST OF PLATES
WITH REFERENCES TO THE PAGES ON WniCII THEY ARE DESCRIBED.
PLATE
T. Gold Statuette of Hershefi .....
II. Temple. Views to South aud Xorth
III. ,, looking East across Court aud Hypostyle Hall
IV. Buildings and graves under Xlth D^^uastv temple V. Temple of Xlltli Dynasty .....
VI. Temples of XVIIIth-XIXth Dynasty .
VII. Templeof XX Illrd- XX Xth Dynasty . \'in. „ Ramessu II, restored elevation and plan
IX. „ of various dates, Xllth-XXXth Dynasty .
< IXa. Objects from graves under Xltli Dynasty temple .
X. Court witli facade, pedestals, &c. ....
XI. Sculptured blocks from Temples, Vltli-XXIXth Dynasty
XII. Scenes from Vth Dvnastv tomi) ....
XIII. Granite lintels and jambs, XUtli Dynasty
XIV. Fragments of Senusert III and Amenerahat III XV. Cornice, Xllth Dynasty and Ramessu II
XVI. Akhenaten base ; drums and jambs of Ramessu 11 .
XVII. Sandstone front wall, XI. Xth Dynasty .
XVIII. Granite architraves ......
XIX. Throne of statue of Ramessu II ....
XX. Sedheb Festival of Ramessu II ....
XXI. Shrine of Ramessu II .
XXII. Goddess Xekhel), XIX th Dynasty .
.X .X 1 1 1 . Ramessu II receiving offerinffs
XXV.* Cornice, group of offerings, &c
XXVr. Head and inscription of Ramessu II
X XV 1 1 . Steles of X I Xth- X X I Ind Dynasty
XXVIII. Hakor shrine and Gra'co-Romnn inscriptions
X.XIX. Ii'nii tools, Illrd Centui'v a.d. ....
XXX. KoiiKiii [ilaics, ciqjs and jars . ....
PAGE
Front'isfiece 1 8 19 19
\
ch. i-v
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19 |
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1.5, |
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1", |
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IT, |
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30 |
There is no plate XXIV.
LIST OF PLATES.
PLATE
XXXI.
XXXII.
XXXIII.
XXXIV.
XXXV.
XXXVI.
XXXVII.
XXXVIII.
XXXIX.
XL.
XLI.
XLII.
XLIII.
.\1JV.
Roman jars, cooking-pots and jugs
„ one- and two-handled bottles .
Roman bottles and amphoras
„ amphoras .....
Plans of Roman Houses
XVII Itli Dynasty pottery from Sodmont
Scarabs, &c., XVIIIth-XIXth Dynasty XlXth Dynasty stele and shabtis . Roman objects from Gurob . Buto, temenos and town Sketch plans of Ehnasya and Buto
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33, 35 |
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36, 37 |
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25, 36 |
EHNASYA
INTKODUCTION.
1. When last year the continuance of my re- seai'ches in the early liistoi-y was closed, by the refusal of the Egyptian Archaeological Com- mittee to allow English work at Saqqara, I was obliged to turn to a site at which we had only intended that ]\Ir. Currelly should do some minor work. Dr. Naville had spent a season at Ehnasya (or Ahnas) in 1891, and stated " We thus cleared what I believe to be all that is still extant of the great temple of Arsaphes." I had therefore no wish to embark for another season's work in that site ; but, as being all that we could have, it was necessary to make the best of it.
I had in 1897 suspected that the region already cleared was only a part of the temple. And we proved it this year, by clearing not onlv a space as large again as Dr. Naville's hall, behind that ; but also discovering a great court, much larger than the hall, in front of it. The history of a great temple of several successive ages of building is always an intei'csting sub- ject ; and as we found in it wliat is perhaps the finest gold statuette, and the finest granite triad, yet known, the work was well worth doing, tliough we could not recover more of the early history, as I had hoped would be permitted.
2. Our party consisted of my ^\'ife, Mj-. Currelly and Mv. Ayrton. But very soon ^Ir. Currelly left with Mr. Loiit to search the desert
for the cemetery, gradually moving down to my old quarters at Gurob. Afterwards Mr. Currelly went to Buto, where my wife and I joined him for a week after leaving our own work. At Ahnas, as it has been called, or Ehnasya, as the people really name it, we were living in the midst of the cultivated plains. Our mud-brick huts did not dry for weeks, our clothes were wet every morning with the damp aii', and a great rain storm flooded all our premises with some inches of water. It was not till late in the season that the land began to feel like Egypt. AVc had continual trouble with the contractor who annually i)urchases from the Antiquity Department the right to destroy the Roman buildings for l)ricks. The whole of the walls of lloinan age are mined out by long underground bun-ows; and tlie large piles of red bricks tin-own up for sale to distant places, show the sites of churches and mansions of which no one will ever know more. This contractor claimed to destroy immediately all the walls we un- covered, and incessant feuds, alarms, and nightly plunderings went on. At last I confiscated all the tools of any men caught in our workings. After getting half a dozen picks and baskets, and facing out a long discussion with a pre- varicating assembly of parties interested, my work was left in comparative peace. The onifleh of Ehnasya behaved in a reasonable and friendly manner throughout ; and we had
EHNASTA.
pleasant greetinpjs with the country people in the villages, apart from the brick question.
3. The accurate survey of the ruins of tlae temple was a necessary work. In order to have a good basis for that I measured a long line on the top of the facade wall of the temple ; and then set off an axis square with that by a great equilateral triangle of one tape length. Then every point was referred to its distances in co-ordinates from the base, or from the axis at right angles to that. There were thus no measurements dependent upon others, but every point was independently hxed.
Our work at the temple was greatly en- cumbered by the mounds thrown out in Dr. Naville's partial clearance, nearly all of which overlay other parts of the temple, and needed to be moved again, sometimes to a depth of 40 feet. We not only cleared the temple, but we searched some way behind it for any other buildings ; also we made considerable trenching and clearance to the south-east, where a piece
of a limestone column, part of a basalt shrine of Hakor, and banks of stone chips, seemed to promise another temple. Beside this, to the north of the Kom ed Dinar, where two granite blocks of a temple remain, we sought deep and Avide for more. These trials occupied much of our men and time, but if any buildings had existed they seem to have been entirely re- moved. We also cleared out various houses of Roman age that had been destroyed by fire, as such are most likely to contain objects left in the burning. In this way we secured a large quantity of pottery figures, lamps, and tools, dated by the coins found in the houses ; and Mrs. Milne while with us marked the pottery and cleaned the coins. The results for dating appear in the supplementary volume of Roman remains.
Of the plates in this volume nearly half have been done by my wife, and the others by Mr. Ayrton, Mr. Currelly, and myself.
CHAPTER I.
THE SITE BEFORE THE BUILDING OF THE TEMPLE. Pl. IV.
4. ALTiioufiiT there can be no doubt that at least one temple had existed at Henen-suten from the 1st Dynasty, if not earlier, yet the site of tliat is unknown. The large temple described in this volume does not contain any remains of temples older than the Xllth Dynasty ; and it was found to overlie ii'regular buildings, and burials which cannot be earlier than the Xlth Dynasty.
These earlier buildings could not be tiioroughly examined, owing to the stone work of the temples which partly overlaid them. Also it Avas not possible to reach them until March, owing to the water level of the inundation. On pl. iv. is shown tlie outlines of the temple walls in dot and dash lines, in relation to the brick walls which lie below them, so far as Mr. Ayrton could trace them at the close of our Avork. It will l^e seen that the brick walls have no connexion with the temple walls, and are only approximately in the same direction. Ncme of the walls are thick, like those of the early brick temples at Abydos ; hardly any parts are more than one In'ick through. And the pi'esence of granaries points also to these being ordinary houses. Still farther marking the private character of the ground, Avere about a dozen burials scattered in different parts ; apparently these liad been placed parallel to the walls, owing to the graves being dug among deserted buildings. It is remarkable how, both at Abydus and here, the Egyptians seem to have had no objection to mixing cemetery and town together. At Abydos the desert was close at hand, and yet pit graves were dug, lined, and
vaulted, amid the deserted houses of the outskirts of the town, miich as they seem to have been here. All this shoAvs very different ideals of burial to Avhat we usually associate with Egypt. But often in a modern Egyptian town the cemetery may be on a mound of ruin not more than tAvo or three centuries old, if no more clear and suitable spot can be had ; and there seems to have been still less objection anciently to such a mixture.
5. That the temple of the XlXth Dynasty AA'as only a refurbishing of that of the XVIIIth is almost certain from the history. No Avhole- sale clearance of temples between Tahutmes III and Ramessu II is known otherwise, and therefore Ave cannot assume that the XVIIIth Dynasty temple Avas eradicated before the XlXth Dynasty temple AA\as built. But the foundations of a temple of diHerent plan underlie the walls of the XVIIIth Dynasty. The courtyard Avail Avas continued north of its present line, before it Avas turned to meet the Aving of tlie portico. There is a line of Avail foundation underlying a roAv of columns of the hypostyle hall. And there are in scA'eral parts foundations, shown in pl. a-., much deejDcr than the rest of the temple. MoreoA'er on these deepest foundations (Xllth Dyn. ?) is a sand- bed of rebuilding ; a second foundation upon that (XVIIIth Dyn. r) : another sand-bed of a second rebuilding, and then the XlXth Dynasty threshold. All of this is strong evidence tliat a great temple existed here, not only before the XlXth Dynasty, but before the XVIIIth as wi'll. There is then no ground lor supposing
EHNASYA.
that the temple of Senusert (Usertesen) II, Senusert III, and Amenemhat III, of which so many inscriptions were found here, was not built on this ground ; and we may accept the obvious conclusion that these stones are the ruins of the temple whose deep foundations are older than the XVIIIth Dynasty.
6. The burials preceded the temple building, as they were laid along the sides of the earlier brick walls ; and there is no ground for sup- posing that Egyptians ever buried in or under a temple. We must therefore date these burials before Senusert II ; and by their style they cannot be earlier than the Xlth Dynasty, They prove a good deal concei'ning the dates of styles of scarabs, hitherto uncertain.
They show that symmetrical designs in scarabs were fully used, as in pi. ixA, Nos. 4, 19, 20; that the "King of the Aamu " scarabs (15) go back to this age ; that the high- backed scarabs (20), with various deeply cut, bold, groups embodying the name of Nub- kheper-ra, are before the Xllth Dynasty, and therefore that Antef V was of the Xlth, and not of a later age ; and that the curl patterns (as 14) start as early as this, and must not be all put to the XVIIIth Dynasty. These are jjoints which we cannot have more satisfactorily proved than by the superposition of a Xlltli Dynasty temple on the top of a cemetery. The details of the burials are recorded by Mr. x\yrton as follow, most of them being shown on pi. iv.
No. 10. Skeleton, head west, between the facade wall and the eastern granite bases ; a polished red [xitteiy bowl (fig. 1, pi. Ixa) at tlie head.
No. 11. Skeleton, on back, head north, left hand on stomach, right at side ; man (?) ; no ornaments ; broken pot on chest.
No. 12. Body only, without legs, head north, face east ; woman. On neck, large glazed ball beads, notched beads (fig. 3), pendant (fig. 2), and scaraboid (fig. 4).
No. 13. Upper half of skeleton, on back, head turned to left ; back bent, and mouth open. No ornaments.
No. 14. Skeleton, legs deformed, too short for body, on back, head south ; right hand on pelvis, feet crossed. By pelvis, alabaster kohl pot (fig. (J), small diorite bowl (fig, 10), green glazed bowl (fig. 9) and two ivory pins (figs. 11, 12) : by feet, alabaster cup (fig. 5); on left hand, glazed scarab (fig. 7), and plain amethyst scarab (fig. 8).
No. 15. Skeleton, on back, head east, feet crossed, left hand on pelvis ; above the right lung a red jar (fig. 1.3).
No. 16. Skeleton. Silver ring on left hand.
No. 17. Skeleton, on back, head west; left hand on pelvis, legs crossed, a child. On left hand two ovoids (figs. 14, 15) glazed steatite. Wrongly numbered on pi. iv ; this is the body 2 inches east of figures 17.
No. 1<S. Skeleton, on back, head erect, legs distorted, infant. In small brick coffin. No objects.
No. 10. Skeleton A. Head north, face east ; no objects, therefore probably an attendant on the other.
Skeleton B, same position, in fi*ont of A. On left hand scarab set in gold (fig. 20) ; large scarab with " union of south and north," glazed (fig. 19) ; and carnelian scarab with spirals (fig, ]H). Among bones of pelvis two gold beads (fig. 17), with small red tube beads and white drum beads. At foot scarab (fig. 21). At bnck of pelvis glazed figure of Taui't (fig. 16). In front of body a small bowl of bufl^ pottery.
CHAPTER II.
THE TEMPLE OF THE XIIth DYNASTY. Pl. V.
7. Before dealing with the several buildings which stood on this site it will be best to give a classification of the various levels of con- struction that appear.
In the first place the foundation level of a building is almost as important as its pavement level. The bottoms of the various parts of the building were noted therefore as well as the top levels. In the plan, pl. vi, the top levels are stated upon the stones, in inches above an arbitrary datum, the Ramesside sill being called 200. These serve to show the various course levels. On the ground at the side of the stones is the level of the bottoms of the stones marked B ; and in some places a section gives the bottoms and tops of several stones, with S put between where a sand bed occurs. We must remember that there are varying depths of foundations, one, two or three courses thick ; but where a sand bed occurs between stones it is of capital importance as marking a new foundation of a rebuilding, for no builder would put a thick sand bed between his courses.
The oldest building of all, shown on pl. v, has its course levels at : —
ISl, 181, 186, pavement.
(177 temenos walls founded).
IGO, 104, 167, 1(;7, joints.
132, Ui, 1 11, 14.5, 147, joints.
120, 12.5, 126, 12G, base of stones.
This is apparently of the XIIth Dynasty, as none of these stones were re-used ones of that age, and one re-used stone (pl. xi, i) is apparently of the Old Kingdom.
8. The next level of building must be after
the XIIth Dynasty, as it includes many re-used blocks of that age. This rebuilding bears the drawn lines uiarking the position of the walls on the foundations. Between the stones of this period, at the back of wall, were scarabs and glazed pieces of Taluitmes III. The levels are : — 194, 1!J6, 197, 200, pavement. (193 temenos wall rebuilt). 179, 182, 184, 186, joints. 153, 158, 159, 1(;2, 163, 166, 168, joints 135, 141, 142, 142, 142, base of stones, sand below.
The hard mud walls of earlier constructions of the temple, are cut down to 147 level, to clear the ground for this rebuilding.
9. The next level is certainlv that of Ramessu II, and the sill at 200 is his actual pavement level, as the door pivot hole is just lower than that, so that there cannot have been a whole course over it. 200, sill.
186, 188, 188, joints, columns. 17<», 172, 174, 175, 175, base of stones, sand below.
The pavement then was that of the XVIIltii Dynasty ; but the rebuilding had only one course of foundation, and not three courses as in the earlier temples. The wretched founda- tions of Ramessu II are obvious in the case of the great ([uartzite blocks of the facade, which rest in many instances on one or two small blocks of limestone and loose earth. They cannot be safely bared without falling over for lack of support ; wliile just below this rotten- ness are three splendid courses of large limestone
EHNASYA.
blocks, contrasting with the miserable supports of the XlXth Dynasty stones.
10. After the XlXth Dynasty a higher level is shown by the granite column liases of the portico, Avhicli are quite rough and irregular in form, and not intended to be seen ; their sur- faces are at a level of 214 to 220 in. Also the same level appears on the substructures of the hypostyle columns. This level was probably determined by the base line of the facade inscription at 214, which it was not desired to encroach ujDon when raising the pavement.
215, pavement in hall.
213, 214, 215, column basements.
214-220, granite basements.
(220, outer temenos cut down).
190, 190, 193, base of stones.
The last rebuilding had its pavement yet higher, shown by mortar on the sculptui'es at 237, tops of drums put to raise the columns at 23f), 237, and the latest temenos wall founded 234.
11. The structures of the lowest level are shown on pi. v. Of the Court the base of the east wall remains. But the stones of the lowest course can only be seen in a group at the north end of this wall where they were left without being covered by any later rebuilding. This group of stones is shaded from top left, Avhereas the rest of the wall is shaded from top right, to show that they are a higher course ; they may be of Xllth or of XVIIIth Dynasty, but as the lower course can only be seen at the edges, the upper course is drawn to show the character of the foundations. The front of the court seems to have been entirely removed, at least at its junction with the side. The west side is also entirely gone.
In the court are two brick walls, thicker than those due to houses, Avhich stand in relation to some stone work. They may be the retaining walls of the foundations, as it is not likely tha,t a brick building would exist within a stone court. Large blocks of stone abut on the walls, and seem to have probably been the bases of a
doorway. The tops of these are at 158 to KiO, and are not therefore decisivelv of the Xllth Dynasty temple ; but their position would be still harder to account for in the XVIIIth Dynasty, when the type of temple was more fixed and on a larger scale.
The blocks at the north side of the coui't are also difficult to imderstand. At first sight they seem to be for the basements of columns ; but one is too near the axis of the building for a column. The only explanation would seem to be that the axis had been shifted 45 inches east in the XVIIIth Dynasty, and therefore the brick Avail and foundation in the midst of the court must belong to that later period. But this is un- likely, as we have already observed. If the axis Avere further Avest originally, it Avould imply that the court Avas 90 in. Avider, and therefore that the Avhole of the west side Avas shifted in later rebuilding. There are gi*eat difficulties in each A'ieAV of these changes ; and we have hardly enough evidence to shoAv what the plans were.
The back Avail of the court Avhich forms the facade of the Ha'postyle Hall is a fine piece of foundation. 'L'he loAvest courses at 120-132, 132-147, belong to the first temple (Xllth Dynasty); a sand bed of 10 in. Avas laid over these, and the second temj)le (XVIIIth Dynasty) Avas founded Avith a course at 1 57- 1 70. Over this are some small blocks, a very insufficient support for the XlXtli Dynasty cjuartzite facade and Avail above it. Behind this the only early Avork is a foundation Avail below a roAv of columns, Avhich Avould only leave room for chambers 14 or 15 feet long. This Avould imply that there avms no hypostyle hall in the Xllth Dynasty, but only a sanctuary for the sacred bark, and store <;liambers at the side of it.
The idea that we thus get of the .\lllli Dynasty temple is very different from that of later temples. There Av^ould Ije merely a small block of very substantial building of a sanctuary and store-rooms flanking it ; and a large court in front of that. This would fairly agree Avith
THE TEMPLE OF THE XIIth DYNASTY.
the outlines of the XIIth Dynasty temple at Abydos ; and in the absence of any bettei* plans of this age it at least gives some idea of the type then followed. It appears to be a continuation of the primitive shrine and courtyard as shown on the tablet of Mena. {Itoijal Tovihs, ii. pi. x. 2.)
12. Of the construction of the temple we can learn something from the blocks that remain. Be- neath the northern blocks of quartzite on the west side of the portico was a red granite foundation ; and this was now bare, owing to the quartzite block having fallen over since it was exposed by Dr. Naville. On the granite were traces of inscrip- tion, which I carefully washed and examined ; my wife's copy is given in pi. xiii. From this it is evident that the block is a lintel with sym- metrical groups : a column of l-a name at each end, in the midst a cartouche, and a deity seated at each side. The ka name is that of Senusert III.
Besides this a large block of Senusert II has been re-used for an architrave of Ramessu II ; it bears part of the vulture and uraeus name of Senusert, and evidently formed part of a jamb of a gateway. This block shows the proportion which the strip of inscription and l-a name bore to the jamb ; and the lintel shows the proportion which it bore to the whole gateway. The dimensions measured and reduced are as follows, in in. : —
Jamb. Lintel.
Breadth of ka name . 8*2 4*7
Breadth of jamb . 25-9 •• U-S
Edge of jamb to door 7"8 ■'■ 4'.')
Between /m names . •■•107 ()1*5
Width of door . ••■ !)! •••52-5
Length of lintel . ••• I U i)i
Width over jambs . :.IA'6 .-.S^-l
The length of lintel for the great jamb was then at least 143, and probably 164 in. There was probably an even greater lintel here, as some bars of red granite in a Coptic Church, which have been cloven from older lintels, are 97, 157 and 190 in. long. Very possibly that of 157 in. length comes from the lintel of this doorway of Senusert. In proportion the great Coptic lintel of 190 long would imply a doorway of 106 wide, and jambs 30 broad ; probably the door was really wider, as the lintel would be less in pro- portion on the greatest doorways. So we may say that probably the great doorways of Senusert's temple were about 110 and 90 in. wide, and the lesser door of Avhich we have the lintel was 52 in. wide. The largest gateway would be that of the pylon leading into the court. The second door might be that on the foundations in the court ; the lintel is 157 long, and the foundations are 163 wide, which well agrees to this length. Lastly the lintel which we found is probably that of the sanctuary itself. And the Coptic lintel of 97 in. is very likely the back beam, of the same lintel, as what we have is 94 long. It is interesting to see that the three Coptic beams of granite agree to ( 1 ) the existing lintel, (2) the lintel reduced from the great jambs, and the foundations in the court, and (3) what must have been the lai-gest gate of all in the pylon.
The granite palm columns of the portico have been recognized as probably of the XIIth Dynasty since they were found, see pis. viii and x, 4. The inscriptions npon them were added by Ramessu II and Ml'- renptah, and the columns will be considered further on.
BHNASYA.
CHAPTER III.
THE TEMPLE OF THE XVIIlTH DYNASTY. Pl. VI.
13. It seems certain that there was a temple of the XVIIIth Dynasty, before a considerable re- building by Ramessu II, on the former lines, ■when we consider the foundations of the facade, as already noted in describing the various levels. And, as the blocks of the back wall, which liad objects of Tahutmes III between them, overlie the level at which the drawn lines for the walls are cut (see the lines in pl. x, 2, 3), the out- lining of the temple plan must be that of the XVIIIth Dynasty. It cannot be earlier, as the blocks under the lines are re-used ones of the Xllth Dynasty.
This outlining certainly represented the in- tended wall faces, as a few blocks of the walls remain with faces in this alignment, within an inch or so. We can therefore recover the exact dimensions of the temple. These drawn lines are shown as dotted lines on the stones in pl. vi.
14. ^Measuring from the front of the facade, the walls across the axis ai-e 0-1 U3 (?), 704-818, 1076-1117, 13G8-U31 inches. Hence the thick- ness of the Avails Avas 103, 54, 41, G3, or 5, 2|, 2, 3 cubits. The chamber lengths were G61, or 32 cubits of 20-66 ; 258, or 12^^ cubits of 20'64; and 251, which may be an error for the previous amount. The average difference between parts of the same line is less than half an inch, and never exceeds 2 inches.
The breadths of the temple depend on paral- lelism of the side walls. These walls sliow a divergence from squareness with the facade of nil on west (variations of 2 inches on inner and cuter sides balancing), and an average of 1 on 240, or ;j, contraction towards the back, in the east wall. The breadth at tlic facade is 884 out 755 in ; at the siniill inner hall it is 878 out, and 753 iu ; at the ba(;k it cannot be
taken, as the N.E. corner line is lost. This breadth is divided at the small hall into 189 and 190 for side chamber and one wall (the thick- ness of which is not marked) and 374 for the small hall. This is 18 cubits of 20-78; and it is divided by columns into spaces of 5i, 7, and 5^ cubits. The back portion of the temple is divided into spaces of 209, 41, 248 (41 ?) (215 ?) inches ; evidently 10, 2, 12 (2, 10 ?) cubits.
The court in front had a wall 83 inches, 4 cubits, thick. The east wall is at (367 to 584 from the axis, giving the width of the court 1334 out and 11(J8 ni. The east wall of the court diverges from the temple axis 1 in 100, in the same direction as the east wall of the temple.
15. As the XVIIIth Dynasty court turned inward to meet the portico, and did not cover the end of the east wall of the Xllth Dynasty, the portico plan must belong to this age, and have only been rebuilt by Ramessu II. Hence the positions of the granite columns probably belong to this temple, although they have been raised later on. This opens the interesting question of the roofing of the portico. The architraves could not be thicker than the columns, and from them to the facade is a span of 191 inches, or IG feet. This is far more than any other span in the place, the largest elsewhere being only half of this. It is true this width is exceeded by the roof of the axial way at Karnak ; but the size of such a unique roof as that is not likely to have been rivalled merely for the portico of a local temple. The probable con- clusion is that there was an intermediate row of columns between those of granite and the facade ; and that these being of limestone have been entirely destroyed with their bases.
CHAPTER IV.
THE TEMPLE OF THE XIXth DYNASTY. Pl. VI.
16. The form of this temple seems to have ex- actly followed the lines of the XVIIIth Dynasty. How much of that had been injured can hardly be traced ; certainly the whole facade had to be rebuilt, and the Ijasements of the columns in the hyjDostyle hall show sand beds of this age (level 166 to 175). But the rest of the temple may well have remained mainly intact. There were, however, large additions due to Raniessu II ; the colossi along both sides of the court, and large scenes of the necUteh festival, Avere the work of this reign.
In the GorRT the bases of colossi were built opposite to each of the columns along the sides of the court. They do not seem to have been placed backing against a square pillar, as at the Ramesseum or Medinet Habu ; Init rather as free-standing figures, like those placed between the columns at Luqsor. From the fragments found, we know that they were standing figures, with one le<r advanced, wearin"; a ribbed loin- cloth, and with bare feet. They were certainly neither seated nor Osiride figures. The dimen- sions across the toes are,—
|
Ehiiasya. |
Tiuiis colossi. |
Groat colossus. |
Modern foot. |
|
|
Greit too ... |
... 4-1) |
5-0 |
14-7 |
1-2 |
|
space . . . |
1-8) |
— |
— |
— |
|
2nd |
3-1 |
30 |
12-5 |
0-8 |
|
3rd |
2-7 |
2-0 |
10-4 |
0-7 |
|
dth 5lh |
... 2-n 31 i |
5,9 15-9 |
(■11-2 I 8-4 57-2 |
0-7 0-6 |
|
Foot |
... 17-2 |
4-0 |
||
|
Figure |
.-. 235-or293 |
221- |
— |
69-5 |
The compariso]! with the colossi of Tanis wcjuld give 235 for the figure without a crown, or 293 if of modern proportions.
The bases are very irregular. In the midst
of each is a raised mass, shaded in the plan, apparently the core on which the colossus was placed, before being built around with a masonry pedestal. The mass of each base is distinguished here Ijy two diagonals being drawn from corner to corner ; but these are only lines for distinc- tion, and do not represent any marks on the stones. The distances of the centres of the bases apart are very variable. The column centres are at 2X 116, 119i, 2 x 118, lUi apart, or 117 with an average error of 1|^ inches. But the bases of the colossi average 115|^ apart, Avitli an average error of 6^ inches. So it is clear that the columns were set out with fair accuracy, and the pedestals of the colossi were added afterwards, probably merely Ijy eye or rough measurement.
On the west side only four bases remain and part of a fifth. The wavy diagonal line across part of the bases marks the size of a single block of stone; and part of this is cut to a higher level, here shaded. Only one column base remains on this side, and no trace of an outer wall. The bases are not opposite one to another, by an average of nearly a foot difterencc ; and not varying in one direction only.
17. Near the front of the court stood two triads of red granite. The western one is perfect, and Avas found lying face down. The figures arc those of Kamessu l)etween Ptah and Hershef. On the hack are nine columns of inscription, each containing a diftercnt ka name of the king, followed by his cartouches. At the lower ends of the columns the king is said to be loved by —
1 . Ptah, lord of truth, king of both lands,
2. Ilorus the great god.
3. Hershef, king of south and north.
10
EHNASYA.
4. Ptah, great of eyes.
5. Bastet, loved of Ptah.
G. Atinu, lord of l^oth lauds of Heliopolis.
7. AsaY-anaarcf.
8. Ptah-tunen.
9. Amen ra, lord of heaven.
This triad is 95 inches wide and 136 high. The figure of Ptah was painted blue. The figure of Hershef formerly had inlaid eyes. It has been annexed by the Cairo Museum, in addition to the half-share of other things that were found, and will therefore, as in similar cases, stand agrainst some future discovery.
On the east is the lower half of a lesser triad of seated figures of the same gods, 86 wide. The upper half of it was found in a very much weathered state about half-way up the court. The block of granite lying near this ti*iad is (50 by 87 inches and 36 inches high, without any inscription. It may be a portion of the granite pylon.
Part of the court still retains a pavement of limestone, which doubtless extended over the whole of it anciently. This pavement, the southern end of the eastern side of the court, and the positions of the triads, were all planned by Mr. Ayrton after I had left. Towards the north of the court there is a mass of low blocks at 158 to 160, and upon them a sloping ascent up to 174 level, evidently leading up to the temple portico at 200 level.
18. The granite columns of the Portico were doubtless placed here by Ramessu, l)ut their positions from which they were over- thrown were those of the latest rebuilding, with which we shall notice them and tlie bases. The problem, however, wliicli faces us in the Ramesside temple is that of the spacing. The columns cannot have then l)een farther apart than in the plan, because the blocks of archi- trave would not then fit on them ; and those blocks are inscriljed on each side and below by Ramessu. Yet we see here a wide gap in the row of columns ; and not a trace of any more
columns or bases has been found. In view of the six bases and six columns remaining all complete, it seems strange that other bases and columns should have entirely disappeared. Yet the architraves must have continued across the front, as the inscriptions require this to com- plete them (see pi. xviii). Now the intervals of the columns (centre to centre) average 76 inches; and the space in the middle (centre to centre) is 313 inches. This is, therefore, about four column intervals ; yet filling in the three columns to produce an even series Avould place one in the axis. This seems impossible ; and so we are driven to suppose two more columns, and a double interval in the axis, leaving an opening 132 wide between the columns, and requiring an architrave of 161 to span centre to centre. Now Ave have already noted that the Coptic granite lintel of 157 would agree to the length of about 1 64 required for the great jambs, and 163 width of foundation in the court. It seems as if the old lintel of which we have the jamb, and apparently the foundations also, was used by Ramessu to span the middle of his colonnade, as he used the jamb for another of the archi- traves ; and these were ultimately carried oft' and split lengthways for the Coptic church.
The seated quartzite figure of a king of the Xllth Dynasty, usurped by Ramessu, Avas found still upright in the N.-E. corner of the portico, by Dr. Naville. The fellow figure stood in the opposite corner, where Ave found the throne split and overturned. This is kept at Cairo.
The facade has been entii'ely removed to the foundations, excepting the carved blocks of broAvn quartzite, Avliich formed the loAvest course (see pi. xvii). The inscriptions extend from each side of the axial doorAvay along the back and sides of the portico, and end in a group of cartouches on the south faces of the two side Avails. The blocks are deeply cut, and several of the signs are filled Avith detail in the hollows. But the hawk has been carelessly cut too high on the west of the door, running up into the
THE TEMPLE OP THE XIXth DYNASTY.
11
border. The inscriptions exactly tally, sign for sign, and have the same spacing ; even where a bad place comes in the stone, and is avoided, the signs next it are squeezed, evidently because the work was set out to scale from one drawing, and excess could not be pushed on into the rest of the line. It is a fine jDiecc of work for its aue, and it Avould be well if the whole of the blocks were removed from the annual inunda- tion, and used as a basement for some museum front. The reveal of the doorway yet remains on the west, and the pivot hole for that valve of the door.
19. In the Hypostyle Hall the columns were refounded by Ramessu, for there is his sand- bed at 170 inches level, as under his facade. The positions of the columns are those of the later re- builders, and will be stated in the next chapter.
Behind the hypostyle hall was the small hall of four columns, which was enlarged to eight columns in later times. On the east of this the foundations suggest two chambers. On the
west the details cannot be traced, as they are covered with later pavement and structures. j The back of the temple was divided into three j parts, of which no further detail can be traced. The back wall gi\es important evidence about dates of building. Between about 135 and 155 inches are some re-used Xllth Dynasty blocks, showing that the temple of that age probably ' did not extend so far north. Above these the next course 155 to 180 is of yellow limestone, and bears the drawn lines of plan for the walls. On this at ISO to 20U are blocks with objects of Tahutmes III between them, giving the date when all these three courses were probably laid : this last course being that of the pavement of that age. Upon this are two courses of about 200 to 220 and 220 to 210 inches level, which contain Ramesside blocks re-used ; showing that the Ramesside walls had been completely ruined to a level as low as where the Avails of Tahutmes III had been previously removed by Ramessu.
12
EHNASYA.
CHAPTER V.
THE LATER TEMPLES. Pl. VM.
20. That there were two periods of rebuilding after Ramesside times is proved by the condition of the colonnade before the facade. To the first rebuilding belong the granite bases of the columns Avith levels varying on the tops from
214 to 220 inches ; and as these bases were shapeless below the top level, it is clear that they were not visible to any prominent amount above the pavement. This level corresponds with the pavement in the hypostyle hall at
215 level, and the tops of the column base- ments there at 213 to 217 level.
The last period of reconstruction is shown by the addition of white quartzite drums beneath the red granite columns, thus raising the column foot to 236 or 237 inches. And that a pavement was inserted at this level is shown by portions of mortar still in the Ramesside hiero- glyphs of the facade, on the west side, and on the front, reaching up to 237 level ; these traces prove that masonry Avas built against it, hiding the hieroglyphs up to that level. This agrees to the eastern temenos Avail being cut doAvn to 231 level; and a ncAV line of Avail, running skcAV, being founded at 234 level.
It is not, hoAvever, possible to distinguish any difference of plan betAveen these two re- buildings, as all the Avails of the last rebuilding have been removed, except some of the back Avail and facade Avhich it had in common Avith the earlier buildings. We cannot even say that the first post-Eamesside temple Avas ruined;
it may have lasted on in great part, and the only change may have been the raising of the paA'ement. But as the 21-5 pavement Avas then high above Avater level, it is not probable that the paving Avould have been raised, and the granite columns lifted on to fresh drums, unless there had been need of larije reconstructions.
21. Of the dates of these tAvo later building levels there is no direct evidence. That they Avere post-Ramesside is certain, as the sculp- tures of Ramessu 11 Avere used up in re- building the back Avail, and in laying the eastei'n pavement outside of the temple. The only later kings Avhom Ave find named here are ]*ef-dudu-l)ast, of the XXIIIrd Dynasty, and Nekht-hor-heb of the XXXth Dynasty. There is also a probability, from a loose fragment found in the toAvn, that the decoration of the temple Avent on as late as Antoninus, see pl. xxviii.
As Ave cannot separate the plans of the post- Ramesside buildings, and it seems very likely that they Avere on the same lines, Ave here give only one plan (pl. vii), and the folloAving account of it, for these later temples.
The peristyle court and bases of colossi are not included in this plan, as they Avere pro- bably ruined, and there is no evidence that they Averc rebuilt.
22. The I'oiiTico at the back of the court is an interesting study. The jjositions of the fallen blocks are always of inipoi'tancc in settling the
THE LATER TEMPLES.
13
original form of a l^uilding, and the position of its inscriptions. I therefore planned the posi- tion of all of the pieces of architraves, and noted how their inscriptions would fit togetlier. But unhappily there was no record of the positions of the most important pieces, the great columns of granite, which liad been all removed by Dr. Naville, excepting one capital. He recorded no plans or measurements, except- ing that the length of the portico was "more than sixty feet " (actually 60 ft., and 3 to 5 inches), the depth of the portico " twenty-five feet" (actually 20 ft. and 8 to 10 inches), the height of the columns " more than seventeen feet," and the bases in the hall " over four feet" in diameter. Fortunately the Rev. W. MacGregor had taken three large photographs, published in Ah]ia.<f ; and on making a detailed geometrical study of these upon the plan of existing stones, it was possible to fix to within two or three inches the positions and sizes of all the blocks which had been removed (see pi. viii). Unexpected difficulties appeared in doino; this. The lens which had been used had a very distorted field, of the kind so familiar in country photographs, where the side columns of a church appear bowing outwards in the middle ; and instead of the sui-face of equal projection being a plane, it was a parabolic curve distant about 1 0 inches from the centre of sight at the edges and 11 inches in the middle, ^loreover, the focus had been changed between the views. The results, therefore, were some- what complicated in their reduction, and not as accurate as a plan directly made from the ruins as discovei'ed ; but this plan is the best that can now be done for the subject.
As Ave have noticed in the last chapter, the requii'ements of tlie inscription on the archi- trave compel us to suppose other columns to have existed in this gap. And when tliose colunms are inserted, the required architrave
would be the same as the great architrave of the Xllth Dynasty ; this, again, seems to be probably identical with the architrave left in the Coptic church, which has been split from end to end, and the inscription removed.
The POSITIONS OF THK COLUMNS Avere estimated from the flat surface dressed for them on the bases. But as the granite had been weathered out somewhat under the columns the flat area was diminished ; and therefore something must be added to each area to bring it up to the known size of the columns, 29 inches diameter, this weathering being credited to either side, Avhichever is the more erratic in position.
Axis. Column. Column. Column. Column. Wall.
East . 0 Lost 142-171 218-247 294-323 363 West . 0 Lost 142-171 218-247 295-324 363
Thus there is no certain error larger than 1 incli.
The distance of the columns from the facade was similarly treated, and the column sides are l!)l and 220 at the two outermost on each side, 190 and 219 at the two nearest the middle. So the average distance of the centres from the facade was 205 inches, or 10 cubits.
In view of the varying levels of the bases it is desirable to see if they were so ai'ranged to suit different lengths of columns. Here the difficulty arose that the columns had been distributed over the world Avithout any measurements having been taken. But, by the courtesy of the curators noAv in charge of each, I have recovered the dimensions ; and I can identify the columns by comparing the photo- graphs in All lias Avith A'arious statements.
23. On tabulating all the dimensions Ave have the following list, including the similar but larger column from Bubastis in the British Museum, and the same reduced in proportion of 5'6 to agree to the scale of the lloracleopolis columns.
EHNASYA
Columns from Ehnasya.
Bubastis.
Top of abacus
Abacus Top of palm
Palm . Top of bands
Bands . Top of shaft
Up third Top of scene
Mid third Base of scene Base of column Width abacus Width top shaft Width base shaft
Length . mean
Level of base mean Level of top
A. British Museum.
206-1 10-6
195-5 43-1
152-4 10-4
142-0 50-3 91-7 40-2 51-5
0 29-5 23-7 28-2
152-8- -4
217-3 + -7
+ •3
B.
Boston.
193
40 153
11
142 49 93 42 51 0
25-4 29-2
+ -2 + •7 + •9
C.
Adelaide.
D. Mau-
chester.
153
11 142
50
92
41
51
0
25-1 29-9
+ -2 + 2-7 + 2-9
152
93
42 51 0
25-1 29-0
-•8 -3-3
-4-1
E. Bolton.
42-0 10-0
30
23-9
29-0
-1-3
F. Phila- delpliia.
192
38-5 153-5
12 141-5
49
92-5
42-5
50
0
24-8 29-6
+ •7
+ •7
+ 1-4
Reduced
a sixth.
208 11
197 45
152 14
138 46 92
0
32i 27-6 31-3
Whole. 2491
13 236i
54 182|
17 1651
55 llQi
0 39 33-1 37-5
Thus though the columns vary 1^ inches in length of shaft, yet this would not compensate the base levels. And where we have the whole heights of the columns, in A, B, & F, they vary 3^ inches, while the bases of these happen to be all on one level. So it does not seem that any notice was taken of the varying length of the columns ; and the errors of the base levels, and of the columns, were all disregarded, leaving the tops to be adjusted anyhow for the architraves.
The tapering of the columns has no per- ceptible entasis. It is 4'5, 8'8, /)'9, 4"8, 5'1, 4-8, on the different columns, averaging 4-5, on a shaft of 142 or 1 on 3r4. This is, however, 1 on 10 on the circumference, so the rule may have been to reduce the circumference one- tenth of the height.
The heights of the various parts of the coluiiiii are not multiples of the diameter, but seem rather to be simple numbers of cubits, as follows : — •
Top of abacus 10 cubits of 20'f!l. Top of palm '.iL cubitsof 20-37 (2U-21 — 20-58).
Top of bands 71 cubits of 20-37 (20-27—
20-47). Top of shaft 7 cubits of 20-20 (20-22—
20-28). Top of scene 41 cubits of 20-54 (20-38—
20-67). Base of scene 2^ cubits of 20-30 (20-0— 20-00). The base has a diameter of 29-1, which is 20 palms ; or, still more exactly, the diagonal of a square of one cubit. The connection of the palm and cubit with the diagonal and side of a square I pointed out long since {Pyramidfi anil Temples of Guch, p. 181) ; and it has been con- firmed by the study of the land measures by Mr. Griffith. This base circle may be regarded as the circle circumscribing a square of one cubit and inscribed in a square whose diagonal is two cubits.
It is interesting to see how nearly the Bu- l)astis (-(ihiiiiu agrees in its proportions with the above. Its scale is so closely one-fifth larger that the dimensions are all given here reduced to five-sixths for comparison with those of Khnasya. Now we have already seen that the
THE LATER TEMPLES.
15
dimensions of the Ehnasya columns are in even numbers of cubits ; how tJien can the Bubastis measures be in proportion to them ? If we try to fit the Bubastis measures to even cubits, we find far more discrepancy, varying from20'01 to 20*80 for the cubit in diiferent parts. More- over the sepai'ate pai'ts at Bubastis, 13, -54, 17, and 55 inches are not simple parts of cubits ; while the parts at Ehnasya of lOMi, 42, 10'4, 50, 42, 51-5 inches closely fit i, 2, ^, 21 2, and 2^ cubits. Hence it is pretty clear that the Ehnasya dimensions are tJie staridard lyrototype, and tlie Bubastis dimensions have been iiinltijylied, from them. Very likely the Ehnasya columns were a standard size used in most temples of that age.
24. Placing drums of white quartzite sand- stone under the red granite monolith columns, was a very curious feature of this portico as left by tlie latest builders. No such combination of a drum with a great column of different colour and material is known elsewhere ; and it seems impossible to suppose that it was the original design of Ramessu II, although the drums bear his name (see pi. xvi).
Of these drums that on base A was in place when found by Dr. Naville, since overthrown ; B, C, D, are missing ; E was overthrown ; and F is still in place. As the columns seem to be all nearly alike, there must have been drums on all the bases. Their dimensions are, in inches : — Height A 18-0, E 19-2, E 19-4. Diameter A 29-2, (?), F 29-2.
The purpose of thus raising the columns is shown in the study of the levels. The temple pavement was at 215, flush with the red granite bases ; and when raised to 237, as shown by tlie mortaring, the coluiinis had also to be raised. liather tliaii lilt and re-set the great irregular bases which were bui-ied in the earth, some drums were taken from elsewhere and put under the columns, so as to bring them up to the new pavement level. Where these drums of Ramessu were before, we cainioi say; l)ut
certainly we should not expect any architect to design them of only just the diameter of the columns, and of a weaker material, in order to be placed beneath so great a Aveight. They must belong to some less strained position ; and may well have originally stood as bases to some black basalt columns, of which I found a frag- ment 17'7 diameter at the back of the hypostyle hall.
25. The base shown in the N.-E. corner of the portico is that of the statue of Ramessu II found in place by Dr. Naville ; the position is recovered from the photograph in Ahnas, front, pi. V. But those photographs do not show whether the statue was placed on a raised basis or on a continuous pavement. As the bottom of the block was at about the level of the granite bases, or at 215 inches, it must have been replaced in the later rebuilding if it Avas on a continuous paving. It would also be interesting to have observed whether it had traces of a higher paving at 237 level, as on the facade front. This information is now lost, as the figure was removed to Philadelphia and the basement of it destroyed. The discovery of the fellow statue to it, broken up in a hole at the opposite N.-W. corner of the portico, has cleared up some points. The statue found by Dr. Naville is not in " hard limestone," and is not "ofRamesesIl ... of good XlXth Dynasty workmanship." The material of both statues is quartzite sandstone ; and both are older Avorks than Ramessu II, but appropriated by him. Ou Dr. Navillc's statue the traces of older sculpture are shown {Ahvas 1, C), and similar lines of the earlier design, and erasure of an earlier name from the belt, are on the second statue. I'robablv both statues are of Senusert II or III of the Xllth Dynasty, whose names occur here.
26. The lower parts of the great facade and front Avail continued to stand from earlier times, together Avitli the Avails Avhich I'urmed the sides of the portico. The nvi'osrvi.i; ii.\i.i, Avas rebuilt at the higher level of 213 to 217 inches. At lirst
16
EHNASYA.
sight it is not clear whetlier the drums now visible were parts of columns or of sub-struc- tures ; but one drum (4tli in 4th row) rising to 239 level, shows the diameter of the columns to have been -32 inches (22- cubits) below, and 45 inches above, perhaps to be dressed down to 42 inches. On looking at those of 215 level we see that some are about the diameter of columns (as ')th in 1st row), while others are nearly double that size (as 6th in 1st row, 5th in 2nd row). Hence it is clear that these blocks below 215 level must have been hidden, and only parts of sub-structure. Of the general number of the columns there can be no question. The exact positions are fixed by the actual column re- maining (4th of 4th), and a well-defined base (5th of 1st row). From these the rows of columns are centered at 215, 352, 489, and 626 inches from the facade front, and the lines at 84, 189, and 294 from the axis. This gives 105 inches from centre to centre across, and 137 inches along ; or 63 inches between the columns across and 95 inches along. Thus they were at 87 inches from S. wall, 117 from N. wall, 62 from the side walls, and 126 apart up the axial passage. These iDOsitions are marked by the circles of broken lines on the plan.
27. At the back of the hypostyle hall was a lesser hall of eight columns. Of these the bases of the 1st and 2nd of the N. row remain, and part of the 2nd of the S. row. The curved hollow for the base of the 1st of the S. row is seen, and the foundations of the columns on the E. of the axis. From these the centres of the rows were at 72 and 162 fi-oin the south wall; and tlie lines at 74 and 173 from the axis. As the radii of the traces of base remaining are 197 and 21-2 inches, average 20-5 (or ] cubit), the column diameters wei-e 4 1 inches ; and 62 (or 3 cubits) i'l.i- the base. Tlius the distances be- tween the columns were 49 inches along, 59 inches across ; 51 to the soutli wall, 74 to the north ; 51 to the side walls, and 107 tin; width of the axial passage.
The whole of the chambers east of this hall are destroyed ; but on the west tlie breadths of wall spaces grooved out in the pavement can be traced. These are marked by diagonal shading on the plan. It is evident that a chamber about 3() wide and 82 long opened out of the corner of the hypostyle hall. Next to that door was ■ another door leading to a very narrow passage, which turned twice at right angles and led to nothing on the plan. This can only be for a stairway to the roof, the plan being like that of other temple stairs. Behind this stairway a door must have led from the hall of eio;ht columns to a chamber 53 wide and about 95 long, with a turn southwards 58 long besides. The side wall of the temple confirms this inter- pretation ; for at the hypostyle hall it is 64 inches (3 cubits) thick, while to the west of the small hall the stones are only 43 (2 cubits) thick, and if the wall were 64 thick the chamber walls must then have been built np against it, which would have been senseless. Thus the stairway which led up between the chambers was let into the thickness of the great wall, which was thus reduced from 3 cubits to 2 cubits thick.
Beyond the lesser hall there are no details remaining, except the end of a cross wall on the west ; and in symmetry with that a correspond- ing wall is here dotted in on the east. The back wall does not seem to have been as thick as it was in earlier times ; the parts rebuilt with Ramesside stones at the end of the east cross wall being only about 2 cubits thick instead of 3 cubits. On the east outside the limits of the foundation suggest that the side wall was rather thinner than it is along the side of the halls. On the west side the foundations, and the paving stones which were laid along the side of the wall, show tliat the side wall became thicker toward the back conuu'. That the thick brick wall nil tJK' west side stood to some heiglit in late times is shown by the paving stones stop- ping short along its face. Thus there was a
THE LATER TEMPLES.
17
passage 2 cubits wide left along the western side, between the temple and its enclosing wall, on a lesser scale than the simihir passage at Edfu. The pavement on the east side is of a late age, as it includes a sculptured block of Ramessu II.
28. That the temple was of importance in the XXXth Dynasty is shown by a fragment of a granite naos of Nekht-lior-hob. This piece proves tlie naos to have been 48 inches deep back inside, 5 feet outside ; 1 9 inches thick at the sides, and 1 7 at the back ; with a single rebate 2 inches wide for the door. The piece had been dragged out to a high level on the west during the destruction of the temple.
Several blocks of temple sculptures, including one with the names of Antoninus, were found in a large house south of the temple, re-used as Imilding stones (see pi. xxviii). There is nothing to prove what building they came from ; but it is probable that they show a rebuilding of tliis temple.
29. The close of the history of the temple
comes with the growing distaste for animal worship under the influence of Isis worshi}) and Christianity. At the region of the back of the hypostyle hall I could trace the stages of dilapi- dation. The bulk of the stones had been re- moved, and several feet of earth and rubbish had accumulated over the remainder ; then this was duw through to searcli for the stones of the lower courses and the foundations ; and into the hole thus formed had fallen pieces of painted pottery of the IVth century a.d., such as was found in burnt houses of that age. For the accumulation of earth on the temple site at least a century must be allowed. So the later history of the temple seems to have heen thus : —
about 150 A.D., rebuilt by Antoninus ;
about 250 a.d., pulled down for building stones ;
about 350 a.d., the ruins quarried irregularly, as deep as was thought worth while, leaving some walls six coui'ses high and others destroyed to the l)ottom.
18
BHNASYA.
CHAPTER VI.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.
30. PI. i. Gold statuette of Pef du east, MES BAST. During the course of clearing the hypostyle hall, at a depth of a few feet below the bottom of Dr. Naville's Avorking, our men found a substructure of pavement ; and as they dug the earth they saw a piece of gold showing in the ground. AYithout attempting to remove it, or uncover it, they sent for us, and Mr. Ayrton went, and cut out of the un- disturbed earth the statuette here shown. When it reached my hands it was half covered with earth; but, on washing, it became entirely clean, ])arring a few encrustations of lime, one of which shows on the back of the waist-cloth.
The photograph here is double the size of the original, which weighs one ounce and a quarter. It shows the excellent detail of the muscular treatment, and the fine character of the work. The only objection raised by anatomists is that some muscles are true to the surface appearance, while others presuppose acquaintance with dissection.
The figure i-epresents the ram-headed god Hershcf of Henensuten or Herakleopolis, now Ehnasya. The inscription on the base is in three columns, as shown at the foot of the plate. It has been evidently blundered l)y the engraver, Avho was probably copying from another statue. In the copy here given there is also added Avhat appears to have been the original form, one broad column and a l)ase line. That the present two columns of tlic three really read across is certain on looking at the split in the name Ilershef, and also in the title siiten iaiiJ, In the third column uin- lias
no connection, and du anJch ought to join with zct ta at the base of the second column. If we look at the original arrangement here given Ave see how every one of the eri'ors arose,
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Orifrinal arranKomcnt.
Ab onfrrared.
when engraving in a square space and in narrow columns. The t t had to pack with the Hu, and so hat comes close at the to}). The engraver spaced out too freely in the first column, and so lost connection with his second column, which should read across from tlie first, lie had no room to get in mcr du avl.lt : and, knowing that they could not come into the second column, they drifted on to the third.
AVe can now read the inscription satisfac- torilv from the original form. "The king of Upper and Lower Egypt, NEFEU-KA-iiA, son of the Sini Pef-])U-bast-mes-bast, beloved of Hershcf, Avho is king of both jilains, the giver of true princedom, giving life eternally." It is thus dedicated in honour of the king, l)iit a pi'iiyer for the donor is addrd bcloAV, ''The uniter of the two plains give life and licnllli to Nefekuiba.stet.'' The title of
10 god
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES
19
Hershef as king of both plains is well knowii ; the two plains, taui, refer to the two level shores of the, Nile, on east and west, and not to the north and south of Egypt. The title of the god as " uniter of the two plains," sma taui, is similar. But the other title, "giver of true princedom," du liaq mnat, is quite new to us ; it probably alludes to the king claiming to rule by right divine, and not by the good pleasure of his suzerain Pankhy I the Ethiopian. What was the official position of the dedicator, Ne- feruibastet, is not stated, perhaps he was the high priest.
The historical value of this inscription lies in the mention of the throne cartouche Nefer-ka- ra. It was not knoAvn before ; nor, indeed, the fact that any throne name was taken by this local vassal of the Ethiopians, who was as yet only known to us by the mention of him on the "•reat stele from Napata, on which Paukhy re- corded his victories. This figure shows that in one of the lowest ages of Egyptian art and wealth there Avas yet a fine artist to be found, who could work with the old skill, if not with the old life of the past. Probably the figure was hung round the neck of the great statue of the temple. In the pillage it was lost, and lay in the rubbish unnoticed Avlien the temple was pulled down for stone, and even when the pave- ment was destroyed. A happy chance has thus preserved what is perhaps the largest such statuette that has survived the Avreck of Egypt.
31. PI. ii. (compare the plan, pi. ix). The view of the temple from the back shows in the near foreground the foundations of the sanctuary ; beyond that are the bases of the columns of the later temple. At the left side is the brick temenos wall. Across tlie whole temple rises the lowest course of the front facade, the quartzite blocks of Ramessu II. Beyond this is the courtyard, which was about half cleared when this view was taken. Tlie hio-h block in the distance is part of an old
rubljish-heap cut away by schahhin ; behind that on the horizon is the town wall.
The view of the temple from the front shows the facade wall across the middle of the view. In front of that are the granite bases of the front colonnade. The courtyard is the fore- ground, in which are seen the large pedestals of masonry for the colossi of Ramessu II.
PI. iii. The view across the hypostyle hall shows the lines of bases of columns ; the ])ack wall of the hall is on the left, and the front wall of the temple on the right, with the colonnade bases outside of it.
The view across the court is taken in the line of the colonnade bases ; the front wall of the temple is on the right, and the fallen blocks of architrave are in the foreground.
Pis. iv to ix A, have been fully discussed in describing the ages of buildings in chapters i to v,
PI. X. The view in the court shows the remains of pavement on the right, the pedestals for the colossi, and the front wall of the temple. At the right of that is seen the corner of the brick temenos wall.
The stones of foundation with drawn lines show the traces of the marking out of the temple of the XVIIIth Dynasty. All such traces are entered as dotted lines on the plan pi. \\ ; and the resulting dimensions of the temple are stated on p. 8.
The granite capital is one of those of the front colonnade, belonging to the column which was removed to Bolton. There has not yet l^ecn publislicd any large j^hotograph of the palm-leaf capital for architectural study, though it is a well-known form.
32. PI. xi. The slab of an early king was found lying face upward, as a foundation stone of the first temple period, just in front of the temple facade. It is of fine Old-Kingdom Avork ; and the style of the hieroglyphs is most like that on the slab of prince Mena of Dendereh, at the end of the Vlth Dynasty.
20
EHNASYA.
The slab of Seausert III is part of the top of a large scene from his temple, which Avas re-used to build the back wall of the temple in later times.
The block of Ramessu II is part of a figure of the king, seated in Osiride character, in the shrine at the Sed festival. See pi. xxi.
The figure of Hakor is from a large flake of a basalt naos which was found in rubbish to the east of the courtyard, outside of the temenos.
PI. xii. Two pieces from a tomb of the Vth Dynasty were found re-used in the foundations of the hypostyle hall, on the western side. The surfaces had been hammered over and defaced, but the figures and signs shown could just be traced. The first block is of cutting up an ox. The second shows offer- ings for a lady Hathor-mert, Avith the inscrip- tion " proceeding with the geese." Another fi'agment of a table piled with offerings may be from the same tomb. Next to that is part of the head-dress of a king, carved in quartzite sandstone, probably from a statue of the Xllth Dynasty. At the bottom is a portion of the la name of Senusert III. Lastly is a boundary stone of the temple, a block left rough on all sides, to be built into a brick wall, and only flat on the face, which is inscribed simply with the names of the god Hershef. This was found outside the front of the court.
PI. xiii. The long lintel of granite was found re-used as a basement to part of the Ramesside facade of quartzite. The surface scarcely showed any traces of inscription ; but by complete washing, and copying in slanting sunlight, the signs here were recovered. They prove of vahie architecturally, as they show the proportions of jambs to lintel and doorway, as worked out on p. 7. The design has been a central cartouche ; at the sides of this Averc probably Xekhcb and Uazet; then possibly figures of the king oftering, next seated goddesses ; and, beyond, the ka name of Senu- sert III heading a band of inscription of titles which ran down the jambs on eacli side.
A portion of a jamb of a larger doorway gives the vulture and uraeus title of Senusert II. The resulting dimensions of the whole doorAvay ai'e given on p. 7.
Two other blocks of red granite Avere found on the north side of the Kom ed Dinar (see plan pi. xliv). The helindei is fi'om some great scene, probably of the Xllth Dynasty. On another side of the same block is a later inscription of Ramesside age, " Speech of Sekhet the Great, loved by Ptah." The last block has part of the end of titles of a king of the Xllth Dynasty, ma ra zet, " like the sun eternally ; " the breadth is slightly less than that of the column on the left hand block ; it was certainly from a great doorway of equal size, and possibly from the same doorAvay.
PI. xiv. A limestone fragment, Avhich has come from a figure of a king, the tip of Avhose croAvn remains. Before him is the hi name of Amenemhat III, and in front of that a square containing the name of his predecessor Senu- sert III. Probably it referred to additions to the temple of Senusert by Amenemhat. Next is a fraiiment of the name of Senusert.
BeloAv are tAvo pieces of titles of queens of the Xllth Dynasty, found on l:)locks rebuilt in foundations of the XVIIIth. They read (//iey/)/', heat f, host nrl, ami urt, "his loved, his praiser, the great praiser, the great favourite ; " and Kiifi'it ]timt, mcrt f, (imt iirt, hcst nrt, Shedtiefsu, "the royal wife, his loved, the great favourite, the great piaiser, Shedtefsa." This queen was unknoAvn hitherto. At the right is a jar from a group of ofterings ; and below ai'c tAvo pieces of the Horus of Hierakonpolis name of Senu- sert III, found re-used in the later back Avail of the temple.
33. 1*1. XV. At the top a portion of a Avail scene of the Xllth Dynasty, similar to that on pi. xi. BeloAV is part of a scene of ofterings. At the bottom part of a cornice of Ramessu II Avitli cavetto moulding.
Rl. x\i. A red granite ))lock of Akhenaten
DESCRIPTION OP THK I'LATES.
21
was found lying in the Roman house ruius to the Avest of the temple ; it was greatly defaced, but a few signs could be traced on a- band running around it. Owing to the rapid and intentional destruction of the temples and palace of Tell el Amarna, the blocks of which must have been carried away in all directions, it is not safe to conclude that building of this age existed either here or at Gurob, where also a block was found (Illnhmi xxiv, 10).
The drums of white quartzite sandstone placed beneath the great columns of red granite have been described, p. lb. They probably were originally placed beneath columns of Ijlack l)asalt. The surfaces are much flaked from the enormous pressure with which they have been over-weighted ; three bands of titles of rjamessu II are all that remain upon them.
At the foot of the jilate are two scenes from the side of the door in the front Avail of the temple. On the left is Anaaref (a form of Osiris) seated, giving life to the king ; on the right is Her-em-akhti similarly, but with the inscription Mmit mcri/ beloAv. Along the base line Ave read that " Eamessu establishes monu- ments in the temple of Hershcf."
PI. xvii. The Avhole of the facade inscription is here copied, the general appeai-ance of Avliich behind the pillars is seen in pi. viii. At the top left is the Avest a iihi, the rest of the top line is the face of the Avest side of the portico ; the second line is the Avest of the door ; the thii-d line east of the door ; the fourth line the face of the east side of the portico, and at the end is the east (intd. The dotted [)ortions are restored from similar passages. All of the full line, except the .>-•/ ra at top right, are draAvu by tracing from a series of photographs on a uniform scale. It is found that the tAvo halves are exactly symmetrical, point for point, in their length : so Avhere a bad place in the stone prevented a sign being spread (such as the bee in the second line) the Avhole loss of space i'alls on one sign, and the distance from the mdcn to the tail of
the bee is the same in both cases. At the beginning (right) of the second line the sculptor Aveut quite astray Avith the hawk. The whole reads, after the door jambs just described, " The Living one, the liorus, the strong buU, loving Maat, Lord of the festiA^als like Ilershef and I'tah, the Prince, King of Upper and LoAver LJgypt, Lord of both plains, User-niaat- ra-sotep-en-Ra, son of Ra, lord of epiphanies, Mery-Amen-Ramessu, (festivals) made by him in his monuments of his father Hershef, king of both plains." (All diflei'ences between this reading and that of Dr. Naville have been verified.)
PI. xviii. The fallen blocks of granite architrave Avere all j)liotographed to uniform scale, and traced for this plate. They were inscribed on both sides, inner and outer ; the facade (as shoAvn on pi. viii.) of course only bore the outer inscription. The beginning of the inscription on eacii Aving Avas lost ; but Ave cannot hesitate in restoring it from that of the Avail inscription. This, in proportion, just starts over the first cohunn Avith Ankh Hor . . . And the middle space is exactly proportionate to the height and length of the usual Avinged disc. 80 there is no apparent question regarding the arrangement of the front. The extreme poverty of the design is doubtless due to the paralysis of motive induced by the ceaseless repetition of the king's name ; the tAvo sides of the A\'all facade are mechanical copies of one sketch, and on the architraves the space Avas tilled up by repeating the personal cartouche a second time. The engra\'ers Avei-e so uneducated that they tAvice confused the proper unkh and xa.s of Ka and Amen. In arranging this plate the inside east and inside Avest have been Avrougly inter- chanered : for Avest read east, for east read Avest.
i'l. xix. In Hu' X.W. corner of the portico the throne of a seated statue Avas found, Avhich may be compared Avith the base of the felloAv statue found by Dr. Naville in the X.E. corner {Alnuid i, c). They both show the traces of
22
EHNASYA.
older work ou the rise at the back of the seat ; the present one has also an erasure of the original name ou the belt. The nmterial of both statues is white quartzite sandstone ; and it is clear that they are old works— probably of Sonusert II or Til — re-carved by Ramessu, which Avill explain the disproportion of the small face of the figure. {AJiiias, x, A.)
ri. XX. Among the blocks of limestone re-used in the back wall of the later temple, Avere two which refer to a Sed festival. The upper one names the king as lord of the festival, as on the facade, but the lower block gives the characteristic scene of the royal
children. " festival of the king " over
one daughter. " Adoration of the king by the An-mutef priest of the sanctuary " over the eldest son wearing the side lock. " Adoration of the king by the Sedtit " over the daughter carrying the sistrum. " x\doration of the king made . . . . " The royal daughters and the eldest son acting as An-mutef. priest appear in all ages as taking part in this festival.
1*1. xxi. Part of a scene of Ramessu II as Osiris ill the Sed festival. Two fragments are below it, the latter apparently being from some historical scene in Syria naming the " princely house of Magat," i.e. Megiddo.
PI. xxii. Slab with head of Nekheb, " speech of Nekheb, Lady of the Temple, excellencies of all people to the prince."
PI. xxiii. Parts of scenes of Ramessu re- ceiving offerings. Thei'C is no plate xxiv.
PL XXV. Similar ; also part of a cornice, with profile ; and part of the name of the Princess Bantanta.
PI. xxvi. Head of Ramessu; and part of wall inscription, found south of the portico.
34. PI. xxvii. Steles found in the temple. I . Offerings to Ptah lord of his southern wall, lord of Ankhtaui (at Memphis) for the ka of the fanbearer, royal scribe, general, keeper of the granary Set-em-hcbu ; of the fortress of his (king's) serfs ; prince ol' the city ; of the fortress
of the Shairdana. The formula below has an unusual mention of " Hapi (the Nile) making alive the reliiit (people), alive all faces."
2. This stele shows Pazesef offering to Her- shef and Hathor. Dr. Spiegelberg has very kindly examined both a copy and a photo- graph of it, and ti'anscribes it as follows : —
1
&]
O
in
■{'
O III
© . .
V
ro'
VJ-^---M
(=U)
W
T^.^'^'
He remarks that " A continuous text can hardly be restored. It appears that the man i','-(j.s/ represented before Arsaphes and Hathor of Heracleopolis was a ' Shardana soldier of the great (?) fortress (iihtw) (called) Wsr-iii' '^•t-B^ (Usermarres).' As the stela is later in style than the XlXth Dynasty, it may well be that this Usermarres is Osorkon II or Sheshonk III. Osorkon II had special interests in Hera- cleopolis : his son Nemrot was general and chief priest there, and his wife was priestess of Arsaphes : their son again held the same position as his ftxther, and his wife was priestess of the local Hathor (Bhugsch-Boukiant : Livre du ruis, no. 623-632). If then our Usermarres was Osorkon II, this fortress may have been Nemrot's headquarters. We may read in line 4 a record of a donation, but this is doubtful ; the last lines contain parts of a curse which is typical of the Libyan period and frequently appended to deeds of gift." (Si'IKGklreug : Becaeil de Traraux, xxv, pp. 11)3-S).
3. Stele of Annekht, with three daughters and boy adoring Osiris, and address to Hershef below.
4. Fragment of leg of a statue of basalt of
DESCKIPTION OF THE PLATES.
23
fine liitc work, representing Sma-taui-taf-nekht, who is named as hereditary chief, general of Henensuten, and great one of the fleet, on blocks found at Thebes. ( Benson and Gourley, Temple of Mnt, 375.) Mr. Griffith considers that he is the same as the admiral Smataui Tafnekht named under Psamtek {Mon. Div. 3-lg) ; and tliat the king Pankhy named with him Avas ruler only of Ethiopia.
PI. xxviii. A long sjiliuter from a shrine of green-black basalt was found outside of the temple to the east of the courtyard ; portions of both cartouches of a kino-, one endinfj sotepen, the other ending with a lion, show that this is of Hakar (XXIXth Djoiasty), The figure of the king kneeling is well preserved, and is shown in photograph on pi. xi. The small marble base of a statuette bears a Greek in- scription, partly on the top, partly in front ; but no one has succeeded yet in reading it. Several blocks of late temple sculpture Avere found re-used for buildino- in the late Roman house L. Some of these seem to fit together ; and among them is one with both cartouches of an Antonine emperor, which has been kept at the Cairo Museum.
35. PI. xxix. The iron tools were all found together in a burnt house. I cleared nuicli of it myself, and found that an upjier storey had collaj^sed in the fire, and the tools were mixed with coins throughout about two feet depth of burnt earth. The coins are none later than the middle of the second century A.D., as will be seen on referring to the account of the houses in the next chapter. In the top line are keys and a lock plate. Below is a large hammer-head, part of a saw, two leather cutters (?), and three knives, the last with a socket to fit on to a handle. Next are three sickles ; the two outer ones of solid iron, the inner one grooved, with a steel blade inserted, as shown in the sections. At the base is jiart of a sword, a flesh-hook, a pruning-hook, a box- catch, and a large hoe. The value of these lies
in their beinii' a lar"re addition to the well-dated tools that are known.
Objects not Drawn. Some objects are worth mention though they have not been figured in the plates. Portions of limestone columns were found, apparently of the Xllth Dynasty by the work. By careful measurement of the larger piece, giving nearly a diameter, it was 28'5 inches in extreme diameter. This piece was of the same order as a colunni of the XYTIIth Dynasty figured by me in Tell el Amariia, pi. vii ; the fragment showing eight broad bands of basal leafage around the drum, with four narrower plain bands between each pair. The Ijroad bands were 4' I wide, the four narrow ones were 6 "9 wide together. There was a central dowel-hole of G*l wide. Other fragments only showed the narrow bands, the breadths of which indicate diameters of 2o'5 and 23'8 inches. If these all belong to one size of column they would show a tapering of 28'5 to 23-8 or 100 to 81 in diameter. The granite columns show a taper of 1 00 to 82 up to 1 00 to 87. in different examples. But as a weaker material involves a greater tapei", this diminution of about 10 to 8 would not be too great for limestone. Thus the limestone columns were of just the same size as the granite colunuis which still survive.
There was also a fragment of a limestone clustered column, of probably eight stems. The breadth of the stem was 8'1, and projection of it 4 7 ; this implies a diameter of about 29*0 over all, or tlie same size as the other columns. There are also fragments of clustered columns of red granite, of about the same size, lying outside of the temple on the west, one with the vulture of .Xekhcb engraved on it. Thus it is evident that there were columns of red granite and of limestone, of both types, uniform in size, in the early temple here.
Of the XVlIIth Dynasty there were found a small scarab of Talmtmes III (the hiu'jier winged), and a roughly-made head of Hathor in green glaze of that age ; they lay between
24
EHNASYA.
the stones of the first course over the pa\-ement, at the back of the temple. Two rosettes of sheet copper gilt were foimd in the temple, such as belonged to the temple of Amenhotep II at Thebes {Six Temples, iii, 17). A small eye was found from a statue : the pupil aud iris of quartz crystal, the white of marble, set in a bronze socket. Small green glazed pot- tery figures were found of Isis with double crown, and with ad on head. Bast, Tahuti, Taurt with plumes, Nefertum?, the compound Khnumu-Ptah-hawk, the double lions with a disc between them, and the snake. This diversity of deities without a single figure of Hershef is a curious point. Portions of a compound sceptre of milili. and uas, such as Hershef is figured as holding, were also found of green glazed pottery.
Of later date were two gold octodrachms of Arsinoe II. They were not in the least rubbed, l)ut rather bruised, probably from repeated shifting of the bags in the treasury. They lay in a mud road by a large building north of the temple. Two solidi of Valentinian were found ; one with RESTITVTOR IlEIPVBLICAE, SMNE, and the emperor holding labarum and Victory, from the ground close to the east temenoswall; the other Avith VOTA PVBLICA, SMTR, and two emperors enthroned, from the rubbish on the top of Kom ed Dinar.
Pis. xxx-xxxiv. The pottery is described in chapter viii.
36. PL XXXV. Plans of Roman houses. No. 1 shows part of the cellars of the house from which came the inscription of Antoninus, the blocks of late tera[)le sculptures (the places of which are marked), and the large capitals on pi. Ixx, 7, 8 (in additional plates). No. 2 is house K, of the third century, in which the iron tools were found. No. ;} is a house further east from the temple. No. 4 is a part of tlie large house V. of the seventh centui-y a.d. in which both coins and pottery were found ; it seems to have had a lartre hall with cokunns of
stone, but it had been much altered. These plans were made by Mr. Ayrton, who had charge of this part of the work.
Pis. xxxi to xlii are described by Mr Currelly as follows : —
Pis. xxxvi-xxxviii show pottery of pure Egyptian forms.
PI. xxxix gives XVIIIth Dynasty pottery forms.
The majority are the ordinary red pottery. No. 7 is a yellow with black rim.
No. o2, the juglet, is a well known Syrian vase, but seldom found in Egypt.
Nos. 35, 3G, 37 are forms kno-^ra in Cyprus and Phoenicia, and were imported into Egypt in great numbers during the XVIIIth Dynasty. No. 28 is the Eastern pilgrim bottle. No. 34 is a form that is rare and its home unknown.
PI. xl shows a number of XVIIIth Dynasty things from the cemetery at Gurob. No. 1 is a scarab found near tlie first cemetery. 2 is the coloured faience in white, green, and brown enamel ; the colours were particularly soft and rich. This is of the time of Amenhotep II. The scarab 3 shows the form of the Nile perch. No. 4 was found with the stele on pi. xli. No. 7 shows a king sacrificing a fisli. This scarab was particularly rough in make but Avell en- graved. No. 8 is a fish-shaped seal. No. lU is an eye from a cartonnage, several of these were found without any remains of the cartonnage. The white was usually a piece of bone, and the pupil was furnied by fastening a round piece of crystal or glass on with some pitch.
Nos. 1 1 and 1 1 show rings of alabaster of Avhicli the use is not knoAvn. This form, as seen in 16, is also frequently in carnelian. They are confined to the XVIIIth and XlXth Dynasties, and Professor Petrie has suggested that they Avere used as ornaments in the hair. No. 15 is an alabaster ear ornament. No. 16. This group of a carnelian ring and
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.
25
the black and white glass beads is of the time of Tahutmes III. The pendant 1 0 is also of this technique. No. 17 is an alabaster kohl pot, No 18 a piece of XVII 1th Dynastv screen glaze.
No. 20 is a pottery votive offering of the XVIIIth Dynasty, probably dedicated after child-birth. In this one there is a child near the feet, bnt in many found at Naukratis merely the nude figure of the woman is shown.
Most of these latter ones Avere in stone. Nos. 22-27 Avere found in one of the fish tombs. The pots were of the ordinary red clay : the carving of the fish is particidarh' rough, as was also the Hathor head 27.
PI. xli. The ushabti figures shown here are of the cheap kind. No. 1 is a very poor wooden one with a dummy inscription, and the others show either fantastic or poor workman- ship. All are of the XlXth D\Tiasty. Tlie stele, which Avas damaged, was found in some rubbish. C. T. C.
i'l. xliii. The views of Bute taken by Mr. Currellv will give some idea of the area. In No. 1 the S.W. end of the northern toAvn is seen on the left, and the temenos mounds in the distance. No. 2 is taken from the temenos wall, looking across the pits in the temenos to- Avards the northern town. No. 3 shoAvs the height of the temenos Avail still remaining, seen from in-
side the N.E. gate. No. i is the same gate from the outside. Nos. 5 and G shoAv the Roman towns as cut about by the nebakh diggers ; they have not yet touched the central parts, Avhich are still streAVTi Avith lichen-covered potsherds. Nos. 7 and 8 show a laro;e hawk of broAvn-red granite, Avliich is lying at the W. edge of the northern toAvn.
PL xli v. The plan of the mounds of Ehnasya is copied from the excellent map of Wilcken and Schiifer ; but the jDositions of the mounds are of but small meaning, as all those on the north are Mohamed Aly's Avaste from nitre Avashing and were originally in some other phice now flattened down ; also large mounds on the west (here omitted) are similarly recent, and the material stood someAvhere else. The Kom ed Dinar is tlie oldest rubbish mound here, containing nothing later than the Roman age, whereas the mounds on the east side continue to be added to doAvn to the present day by the A'illages built over them. The thick Roman Avail to the south I identified, but had not time to dig to find the continuation of it. The plan given in Aluiaa, jil. xiii, was fi'om a A^ery rough sketch, and is quite erroneous. Tlie small map betAveen the Favum and the Nile serves to shoAv the relative position of all the best knoAvn sites of antiquities of the district.
The plan of Buto is fully described in Chapter X.
26
EHNASYA.
CHAPTER VII.
THE ROMAN HOUSES.
37. The whole of the visible parts of the great mounds of Ehnasya, the ancient Heracleopolis Magna, consists of houses and rubbish heaps of the Roman, Coptic, and Arabic periods (see pi. liv). On the Avest of the site is the gi-eat mound of Kom ed Dinar, which is of the Ilnd to IV th century a,d., and has been formed by throwing out rubbish from the houses south and east of it. In the midst of the mounds are houses of the Vth to Yllth century, and on the eastern edge of the ruins habitation has continued doAvn to the present village of Ehnasya. This gradually moving of a town is like that of Medinet el Fayum, where the Xllth Dynasty temple is about two miles from the modern town, and the mounds between represent the intei'mediate history.
It was manifestly hopeless to do anything toward clearing such an enormous mass of town ruins, of a period already so well known. But from past experience at Tanis, I hoped that the burnt houses would repay excavation, as many objects left behind at a fire were not worth removal anciently. None of the houses proved to contain as much as at Tanis, and no burnt papyri were found ; but some gave groups of pottery and figures which were tolerably dated by the coins found with them. Such groups are here publislicd for comparison of datings, the terra cotta figures and lamps in photograph, the pottery in outline.
Some account of the general contents of the houses may here be given, in order of time. Each house was designated by a letter when found and everything irom it was so marked ;
these letters of reference are quoted here. All notice of the pottery lamps is left to the description' of the types of lamps treated to- gether.
38. Third Gent. a.b. House K was ap- parently that of an ironmonger. I took many coins from the earth which had fallen as brick- work from the upper storey at the fire. Most of these were large Alexandrian brass of Trajan to Antoninus, much worn ; one large brass of Philip was in sharp condition, and none of the smaller coins could be later than this reign, or possibly Gallienus, by their size, but nearly all wel-e too much corroded to be cleaned. The house then may be dated to Avithin ten years of 250 a.d. A great variety of terra cotta figures was found here : Harpocrates, standing draped, and seated nude ; Aphi'odite holding her hair ; Ceres (?) seated on a throne ; the common figures of girls, seated on the ground, and holding uja tlieir hands; an acrobat striding, with a palm branch; a Roman comic actor ; an ostrich, a fire altar, a basket chair, and many other subjects, which may be seen in the supplementary plates.
The pottery from here is buff'-faced, with black pattern (No. HI, pi. xxviii) ; many frag- ments of large vases with coarse painting in black and red, of fish, spirals, &c. ; and the forms Nos. 24, 38, 40, 47, 57, 64, 71, 72, 92, 93, 94, 96, and 123. No. 47 is interesting as being inscribed "1 Khoi(nix)"; it contains about 4G cubic in, up to tlie neck, or 5l) up to the brim. Being merely of rough pottery inscribed before baking, and without any ad- justment, it cannot have been accurate, and we
THE ROMAN HOUSES.
•27
cannot be certain to wliat extent it was intended to be filled ; but it is the only example thus inscribed, so far as I know. It is too small for the Attic chaenix, 70 cubic in. ; but it might be double the Egyptian hon, about 58 in., and termed a chcenix in Greek Egypt. Besides this pottery there was a great quantity of iron tools, most of which had fixllen from the upper storey : sickles, hoes, pruning hook, sword, flesh hook, axehead, saws, knives, many keys, nails, and fragments shown on PL xxix. Some globular beads of blue glaze, roughly ribbed, were a coarse form of what are known from Pompeii. There were also some of the common bronze dippers.
House M was near K, on the south, and apparently of the same age from the similarity of the objects. A few figures occurred, of the usual seated female type, and a curious goddess of the palm trees, with a lamp niche below. The forms of pottery are given in Nos. 50, 51, 62,
73 (thin polished red copied from metal form),
74 (with strainer on top), 83, 84, 85, and 89. An iron hoe with a socket parallel to the blade is an unusual form found here.
House N contained figui'es of the same style ; but as three of them are more classical in tlic drapery, and a Harpocrates holding a club has a proper Egyptian headdress, this group may perhaps be rather earlier.
House G seems by the figures to be of the Ilird century also ; in it were figures of a bird, a shrine, the remai'kable negro-head vase (pi. xlix, 69), and a piece of hard yelloAv pottery dish with notched pattern round the side.
39. Fourth Gentunj a.d. House H contained many pagan figures, but the coins seemed to be of the IVth century, and one of Constantine II was legible. The terra cotta figures are of Harpocrates, standing and seated, and one draped holding a club ; a draped girl holding a tambourine (?) ; a man with shield and battle- axe ; the crowned bird with a basket of fruit before it, probably the great Beuuu that was
sacred here; the crocodile, camel, and seated baboon. Some plaster moulds for making terra cottas of a female bust, seated figure, and lamp were found with these. The forms of pottery are shown in Nos. 21, 41, 42, 56,59, 75, 86, 99, 100, 101, and 133. Some bronze vessels, a vase, and a cooking pan were also found, with an iron hoe like that at the base of pi. xxix.
House B also contained pagan figures, but had a coin of Constantius II. The figures were of Aplu'odite and a crocodile, and a glazed head of Horus. The pottery was clearly later than that of tlie previous houses. The large stamped dishes come in No. 1, and painted dishes No. 4; also Nos. 8, 9, 10, 11, 16, 20, 26, 35, 36, 43, 48, 55, 58, 63, 61;, 07, 77, 78, 79, 80, 88, 102, 103,104, 105, 119, 125, J26, 127, 131,132, 134, and 135. The fine close ribbino- of the cooking pots (66), and the long nari'ow am- jihoras (134), are the new classes which accom- pany the large flat decorated dishes in this Constantine age. There was also a dome- topped weight of alabaster of 2 kedets (294 grains), the latest stone weight that can be dated. Of glass, there were many pieces of cylindrical bottles with a wide brim and one vertical handle. Of bronze, a foot of a vase with a female bust.
House D again has a mixture of pagan figures, of Isis, Serapis, shrines, Ac, with a small coin, reverse VOT. V MVLT. X, of the middle of the IVth century. The pottery is shown in Nos. 2 (with the cross), 15, 25, 39, 44, 49, 53, 65, 68, 69, 76, 97 (purple pattern on hard drab ware), 112, 129, and 130.
House F had a coin of Tacitus, and a small one, VOT. V, of the IVth century. The only pottery was a dish with a notched or " started " pattern ; there was some glass blown in a mould, and a handle pinched into a row of ridges along it.
40. Fifth Cent n 11/ a.d. House C contained but little pottery and small objects. It is ap- proximately dated by a plaster jar-sealing with a cross in relief, €Y in the first quartei", h in the
28
BHNASYA.
third, and N in the fourth, probably €YEHN (OC) ; this is of the style of the late IVth or early Vth century. As against putting it too late there is a pagan female head in terra cotta, and a crocodile head in limestone. The brim and twisted handle of a thin bronze jug also remained. The only pottery was a little jug (No. 81), which is moulded in two halves and joined together, a veiy unusual form.
House L was a large and important mansion, with many pilasters and capitals of stone. These date it to about .500 a.d., as they closely resemble the Avork of Theodoric. No pottery (except a few lamps), and no small objects, were found here.
41. Seventh Gentnri/ a.d. House A is dated by the small Alexandrian coins of Heraclius ; and it is evidently much later than the preceding houses from the very rude terracotta figures whitened and painted (pi. lii, 132-7). There were some fine scraps of yellow and blue glass, and a bronze dipper. Of the pottery No. 3 may be a piece of an older plate surviving ; and No. 37 looks also to be rather of the IVth century style. The large amphoras (Nos. 1 37, 1 38) seem scarcely later than the Vth century, judging by the very much worse forms used Ijefore Arab times. But the bulk of the pottery is distinctly of the late forms, as Nos. 28, .54, 70, 107, 110. No. 17 is of hard yellow salmon- coloinvd facing, with brown lines. The three- handled vase (No. 109) is unusual. Some things therefore agree well to the dating by coins ; of the others several may be later than we should suppose, and one or two may l)e survivals in use. There does not seem enough evidence to prove a general mixture of periods.
House E. A great mass of copper coins were found together in a skin on the floor ; a large part were of Anastasius, Justin, and Justinian, but all much worn ; and the date of deposit was well fixed by a great (quantity of Alexandrian coins of Heraclius. The house was a line mansion, having a large atrium with
stone columns ; but this had suffered changes long before the Ijurning of the place. The pottery(Nos.23, 52, 61, 98,108, 113—117,120, 121, 122, 124) all agrees to the late date; but the amphora (136) seems to be of the IVth century, to judge by No. 134, and the general style. No. 23 is a curious pan with four cups on the brim of it, united at the top by cross handles. Of bone there is a piece of rude late work, and some cvlindrical drautrhtsmen. Of glass a piece of mosaic pavement, of irregular pieces of sheet glass ; and a very large coarse bead of red glass. Of bronze there is an upright vase of late form, some castanets, and a small cylindrical cup on six legs, perhaps an incense burner.
Eighth Genturi/ a.d. Latest of all are two of the most rudely simplified forms of lamps (G 98, 99), a piece of bone with foliage carving in relief, and some small early Arabic copper coins, which point to about the Vlllth century.
42. One general result from these houses is the late use of pagan terracottas. Not only are they abundant in the Ilird century, but they last to the middle of the IVth, and even into the Vth century. This shows that there was a large amount of paganism continuing till long after Constantine ; although we hear of the early dominance of Clu-istianity in Egypt. It would be hard to suggest that the burnt houses all belonged to the unpopular pagan minority ; but yet, so far as the ol)jects go, we should suppose that Christianity had solely made its way during the century or two after Constan- tine, and was unknown before. The evidence of the temple of Hersheii shows an earlier decay of paganism. Building in some temple — pre- sumably this one — was going on under Anto- ninus, as is shown by cartouches of his on a stone re-used in house L. i3ut the bulk of tlic stone was removed in the third century ; for after that was taken, and the earth had accu- mulated over the foundations, a fresh pit was sunk to get out the deeper stone, and the
THE ROMAN HOUSES.
29
pottery which was thrown into that pit was not later than the end of the Ilird century, or early IVth. It seems then as i[' the temple had been surreptitiously pulled to pieces in the Illrd century during pagan times, and then the site was frankly worked out as a quarry under Constantine. To unite these views we are led to suppose that official temple worship fell into disuse after the Antonines, while yet the domestic honouring of the old gods went on more or less incongruously for one or two cen- turies longer. Probably as animal worship fell
into discredit under Roman and Christian in- fluences, so the pagan world fiivoured Horus Avorship the more ; and thus Isis and Horus became the popular deities of paganism, until at last they were taken together into Chris- tianity, where no such worship had existed before. That tliey should continue as the most popular feature of mediaeval Christianity, is similar to the popularity of the Mecca pilgrimage and the black stone of the Kaabah, which were similarly taken over into Islam, with which they had no connection.
30
EHNASYA.
CHAPTER VIII.
THE POTTERY. Plates XXX-XXXIV.
43. TnE houses which we excavated have supplied a variety of forms of pottery, much of which is tolei'ably well dated by the coius aud other things found with it, as we have noticed in describing the houses. Though this collection of 138 forms is too meagre to form a corpus, yet it may serve as a dated nucleus for a full co'qnis of forms to be compiled in future. The numbers are therefore only consecutive reference numbers, and not arranged for the ^Durpose of permanent indications. The order of the forms is the same as in the corpii>i of prehistoric pottery ; the most open at the begining, and the most closed at the end. But within each class of similar forms they are placed here in the order of age, so as to illustrate the changes.
Nos. 1-3 are the large flat dishes of polished hard red ware, sometimes called " imitation Samian," The patterns are all stamped by hand in small portions.
No. 4 is of a rather yellower ware, painted on the inside with a thistle.
Nos. 5-22 are various small bowls and cups. No. 17 is of a thin hard yellow ware with brown lines.
No. 23 is a very strange form of coarse brown pottery. A large bowl or pan has four cups on the edge of it, communicating at their bases with the hollow brim of the pan. Flat handles stretched from cup to cup at the top. Only fragments of this form have been found.
Nos. 26-28 have peculiar broad flat brims. It is curious how late Roman forms revert to the same type as late Egyptian forms of the XlXth Dynasty. These broad brims, the three-handled
vase (N"o. 109), the ribbed jars (36-38), and the very small necks (as 83), all belong to both times of decadence. No. 26 has a loop pattern of a broad white line.
Nos. 30-32 are very common forms in the later Eoman pottery.
Nos. 33-34 are proliably of the sixth or seventh century.
Nos. 35-39 are characteristic ribbed pottery of the pre-Constantine age.
No. 40 has traces of the flower pattern yet left, otherwise it would seem by the general look to be later.
No. 46, with the knob at the base, and the wide mouth with a brim, seems intended to be lashed on to a water wheel, like modern jars of the same form.
Nos. 47-49 might all l)e measures, as 47 is marked " 1 Khoi(nix)." This contains 40 cubic inches to the neck, or 59 to the l)rim: but it is not likely to be accurate as it is not adjusted after baking.
No. 54 is a very unusual form.
No. 57, with white spots on the shoulder, might have been expected to be later.
No. Gl, with broad bands of red, must be of the seventh century from the date of the house.
44. Nos. 62-70 are all cooking jiots ; such forms are generally found much smoked outside, and often clogged with organic matter. They belong to the Constantine age, and vary in form later on.
Nos. 71-88 are all one-handled jugs. 73 of hard thin red ware, is copied from a metal form. 74 has a strainer at the mouth, aud a haii<lle to
TEE POTTERY.
31
carry it by ; the face is whitened. 75 has also a strainer tojD. 81 is curiously moulded in two halves and joined together, not made on the wheel like all the others.
The painted jugs (88, 90-93, 97) are the very close of classical designs, showing the greatest degradation; while in the Vllth century, 98 has frankly gone on to barbaric ornament, which might be prehistoric.
No. 89 and onwards are nil two-handled vases. 108 is copied from a form of beaten metal, probably of the Vlth or Vllth century by the style. The exaggerated forms (as 108, 115, 116, 117) are all very late: they are like the forms in Coptic wood turning, often coloured red and yellow and polished.
No. Ill is interesting as a later survival of classical vase painting than we should have expected, as this is dated closely to 250 a.d.
No. 119 is restored from fragments, and has been supposed here to ha^•e been a vase ; but it seems quite possible that it was a camel laden Avith four amphoras, and painted with trappings.
No. 122 is a very curious thick ware deco- rated with deeply incised lines, the pattern of which is difficult to identify.
Nos. 123-12-1 are covers for jars.
Nos. 125-120 are barrel bottles which I also found at Tanis of the same period. They are usually of salmon-coloured ware, with red face, and very liable to flake.
The amphoras are still well formed at the beginning of the IVth century, as 130-132. But they run down to ruder forfiis until they are far rougher and smaller than 138 by the time of the Arab conquest. It is notable how- nil of these have well-marked ribbing con- tinuous from the neck to rather below the middle ; then a confused space, and then avcU- marked ribbing continuous to the point. It seems as if they were made in two separate halves, and joined together last of all. An actual example of a half amphora, finished to an edge ready for joining to the other linlf. was also found.
32
EHNASYA.
CHAPTEE IX.
THE CEMETERIES OF SEGMENT AND GUROB.
By C. T. Currelly.
45. While Dr. Naville was excavatine; at Ahnas, or Ehnasya, he spent a short time in the desert opposite the town searching for its cemetery. The tombs which he opened did not by any means account for the numbers at which he wouki estimate the population of Ahnas, so in his report he expressed the belief that the main cemetery Avas yet unknown. The ceme- tery already knoAvn is about two miles south of the village of Sedment, and about three- quarters of a mile back in the desert. Here in some small limestone hillocks the tombs lay in a compact group.
The first search was made near where Dr. Na- ville had Avorked, to see if any tombs had escaped the notice of his workmen, Avho were villagers without former training in such Avork, Three or four days, however, shoAved that wha,tever skill had been lacking in the Avorkmen had been well made up by the excavator, as only a few previously plundered tombs rcAvarded a careful search Ijy our skilled Quftis.
46. In a northward seai'ch tAvo Roman ceme- teries were examined. Just opposite the village of Sedment are indications of a Roman ceme- tery of considerable size. On examination this proved to be very large, and was probably the cemetery of the Roman Herakleopolis. Near the present village are Avell-made brick tombs, but as later tombs Avere made further out in the desert, they became more and more careless, till those about three-quarters of a mile from the
village are mere holes in the ground. In some a small amount of brickwork supports one side, but only those immediately by Sedment could be called brick tombs. The bodies had been Avrapt up, often in coarse canvas only, and placed in pits, from tAvo to five feet deep. Many of the tombs Avere opened, but nothing Avas found with the bodies.
Directly Avest from Sedment a cemetery Avas found near the cultivation on the Fayum side. Hence the burials Avere of the most careless kind, being merely small pits from two to six feet deep, into which from one to ten bodies had been roughly throAvn. Only one burial had any protection for the mummy. The body lay between tAvo rows of large bricks placed on their sides, across Avhich another row Avas laid to form a covering. In this tomb the body was wrapped, and the skull showed that death had been the result of a blow from an axe. This and the number of men carelessly thrown into pits might indicate that the place was a battle-field. A large number of pits Avcrc opened, but only a few pots Avere obtained.
47. In tbe search soutliAvard, a few scattered tombs Avere found, but there is nothing that can be called a cemetery. The largest number of tombs found together Avere near the cultivation, just opposite the mounds of Ehnasya. There were tAvo distinct forms of tomb. Those nearest the cultivation liad the axis parallel to it, i.e., north and south, and Averc pits Avithout brick-
THE CEMETERIES OF SEDMEXT AND OUROTi.
33
work, 8 ft. by 3 ft., and about (! ft. deep. At about 4 ft. from the surface the sides were hollowed out to receive the mummies. This form of tomb is common in the Vlth Dynasty. Unfortunately, all had been re-used at least once. All had been rifled by the time of the XVIIIth Dynasty, re-used during tliis period, rifled again, and most of them re-used during Roman times. The Roman burial was often carelessly made on top of the broken coffins of the XVIIIth Dynasty.
The other type was the regular XVIIIth Dynasty tomb. The axes were east and west, with the tomb chamber at either end of the pit, but in these there was only one chamber. In none of them was the floor of the pit level ; it always sloped in rough steps down to the tomb- chamber.
In two cases the pit, instead of being of the usual form, 7 ft. by 3 ft. G in., was square, 3 ft. f) in. by 3 ft. (') in. J^arge pieces of shale had fallen from the roof, and completely broken up the burials. Each tomb contained more than one burial, but as the water reached to the chambers most of the bones had decayed.
As will be seen from plates xxxvi — -viii, the pottery showed little variation. The majority of the vases are of the coarse red clay, without any ornament. The few painted examples had either lines running around the pot or a simple jjeometric design. A few were of a liuht yellow clay, ornamented with black stripes (|)1. xxxix, 7). There were a few pots of the so- called Phoenician type (pi. xxxix, 35, 3()), but most of these were in such ])ad condition that only the necks remained.
Nearly fourteen square miles of ground were searched, but no cemetery was found. This covered the area that Avould seem to be the probable distance to which bodies would be carried. If the bodies were brought by water, the cemetery may be under the village of Sed- ment, or they may have been taken even to Gurob, though the latter is not probable.
Tomhs at Gurob.
48. A little north of the Gurob dyke a wady runs westward towards the high hills that divide this district fi'om the Fayuni. In its bed the first unopened tombs wei'e found. Qui' ])est tomb hunter noticed that in one place the rock was softer than the regular lime- stone, and forcing with difiiculty a hole into this slightly softer mass, he found sand below. Fif- teen to thirty inches of gypsum encrustation had formed over the tops of these tombs ; yet there was not one that had not been plundered later than Ramesside times. All had been re- used by the Ramesside peoples, and again plundered. Of the early burials practically nothing remained.
49. The Ramesside coffins were of pottery. The form in all cases was the same, round and tapering towards the feet. This coffin has the appearance of being made on the wheel in one jjiece, with only a half-inch hole left at the top. When partly dry a cutting is started, as if to divide the coffin in two, down the long axis. This goes down for two feet, Avhere another cut meets it at right angles, and the piece thus taken oft' forms the lid. AYith the lid oft" this gives an appearance of a huge slipper. Many of the coffins arc decorated with drawings of the genii of the dead and other religious designs, but the majority had only a head modelled in low relief on the lid. The pottery was good, wfU baked, and with a hard surface.
These had been rifled, and with such care that nothing of any value had been overlooked. A fcAV poor pots, a broken glazed-ware croco- dile, and a piece of pumice-stone, Avere the only things that remained with the broken coffins. As quantities of pumice-stone are washed up on the shores of Crete, this may well have been washed across the Mediterranean, or may have been imported. In Roman times pumice-stone Avas much used in the leather trade, and so it may well have been in use earlier.
D
34
EHNASYA.
50. Several of the tombs had been re-used | iu about the first century a.d. All of these later coffins were alike. The sides, top, and bottom were of very thin wood, so poorly and carelessly made that the fragments of shale foUino- from the roof of the tomb chambers had l)roken all of them. In everything connected with the Ijurials the greatest carelessness was shown. Not even had the trouble been taken to remove the sand from the mouth of the tomb chamber, but the bodies had been pushed in, and left at any angle that the sand might make. Each tomb was full of bodies. The cartonnages of the mummies in these wooden coffins were built up from papyri. Unfortunately the damp had reduced these to powder, so that it was im- possible to touch one without at once seeing everything fall to pieces. The imagination is almost inclined to run riot on what these thou- sands of Greek papyri may have contained.
These tombs were of the regular XVII Ith Dynasty form, a pit from the bottom of which a chamber ran into the ground. In these the limestone had been cut through, and the cliamber dug in a soft shale that underlay the surface limestone. In the tomb chamber the slialc of the ceiling and sides liad so broken away that it was difficult to note tlie original form, but no regularity seems to have been o])served. In a few cases a secondary chamber opened off tlie first. Tliough I found no defi- nite evidence, it is probal)le tliat the people wlio re-used the tombs enlarged the original chamber, and may have added the secondary one.
51. North of this wady and nearei' the cultivated land we found a small liillock tliat was thickly pitted with tombs. This fortunateh' had beciii overlooked by the modern digger. [n many places in this district the rock has cracks about a foot wide runninsi- alonu' at the surface, and in these Ave found a iiumlic'r of babies buried, at a depth of about 20 inches. In one case !i reed msit Avas undei'noath the body and the black and Avhite glass beads with the
carnelian ring on plate xl, 1 fi were with another. These beads are of the style made during the reign of Tahutmes III.
52. At about forty inches under the sui'face a larse number of animal heads Avere found interred. These had been buried together, evidently Avith considerable care. There Avas nothing Avith them to give evidence of the date at Avhich they had been buried ; but as every- thino- else found on the knoll Avas of the latter part of the XVIIIth Dynasty, it is reasonable to place these heads as of that date also.
53. LTnfortunntely here also no tombs had escaped the robbers in ancient times, but several things that they had overlooked Avere discovered in the rubbish. The foAV scarabs foiuid showed the burials here to belong to the period of Hatshepsut and Tahutmes III (1516 — 1449 B.C.) and this Avas fui-ther proved by the beads. Some ver}' good glass, commonly called Phoenician glass, Avas found, and also some good alabaster boAvls and diorite kohl pots. In tAVO of the tombs fragments of Aegean false-necked vases were found. One was deco- rated Avith broad bands of black, and the other had this decoration filled in Avith narroAV lines about H) in. apart betAveeu the broader bands, and around the neck the dotted lily design. The style is that of the decadence of Aegean art, and is spoken of by Mr. Evans as the ])oi'iod of partial reoccupation at Knossos.
54. A very short distance cast of this mound there Avas a i-ow of circular pits, and great nnmbers of bleached liones and pieces of coarse canvas Avcrc stn^win"' the o'lMinid. Tliese tombs Avcrc of the early Christian period. The tombs Avere in regular roAvs. A more or less circular hole of about four feet diameter and Avidening outtoAvards the bottom descended to a depth of from four to six feet. Although there Avas no sign of the bodies having been disturbed at a later period, I could not see any skeletons in ])lace. l*]ither the bones were throAvn in, or li'om ten to tAventy bodies wcii'c
TUF, OEJIKTERIES OF SEDMEKT AKD GUKOB.
33
carelessly drojDped into the pit. A cross or two, a Christiau palm-brancli lamp, and a roughly- carved dove (sec plate xlii) showed the tombs to be Christiau aud of about the IVth ceutur\'. The dove carved in wood shows how long certain things may survive. Over the screen in chapels in the Cretan mountains such doves are placed to-day. The size, form, and method of inserting the wing is the same.
Near these circular pits were some tombs that had been re-used at about the same time. The bodies were roughly wrapped, and had been stacked in the tomb one above another. But there Avas some idea of regularity ; for instance, bodies were lying with the axes east and west, though the heads were not all to the east. These I took to be jjagans. Could the Christian protest against paganism have shown itself in this tottd and unnatural disregard for the body ?
55, About half a mile south of the temple site we found some prehistoric graves. The plunderers had left very little. One whole put and some sherds were obtained. This was of the tall cylinder shape, and decorated by red lines dividing the surface into lozenge-shaped spaces, of Avhich the long axis is vertical. This type comes near the close of the prehistoric period. Unfortunately the pot was so l)adly decayed that it fell to pieces shortly after we found it.
56. A short distance south of the temple a cemetery for burying sacred fish was found. Here, at a depth of Irom 20 to 35 inches below the surface, were the remains of a large number of the sacred Nile perch. As far as could l)e seen the fish had been buried without any pro- cess of embalming or other preservation. A piece of net or a few tish were placed within it,
and then the hole Avas filled up Avith ashes. One of the pits Avas brick-lined, and one of these bricks Avas stamped Avith the cartouche of Ila- messu II. A search Avas then made, and in a Avall in the cemetery a brick Avas fovmd stamped Avith the cartouche of Tahutmes III. Near the fish Avere many oxen interred. As my com- panion, ■Mr. L. Loat, has made special study of Nile fishes, the full account of this interesting cemetery is published by him in the annual A'olume of the Egyptian Research Account.
The draAvine; of an ox in glazed Avare and the scai-abs came from the site of the temple Avorked by Professor Petrie Avhen he Avas digging in the Fayum (plate xl, 2, 3, 7, <S).
It will be seen these show the very things found in the animals cemetery. No. 2 is an ox ; No. -J is the Nile perch ; No. 7 is a picture of the king sacrificing one, and the seal. No. 8, is in the form of a fish. This led me to think that the Avorship of these animals Avas a part of the temple Avorship. The plates of scarabs pub- lished by Professor Petrie, after he dug the temple site, hoAvever, shoAv only one Avith a fish design, but they also shoAV no other marked design ; so it is possible that the Avorship of this fish had a prominent place in the Gurob temple.
The general evidence of the three Aveeks' exca- vations entirely goes to confirm Professor Petrie's statement that the toAvn Avas a foreign centre, and had no existence after the reign of Merenptah.
The foreign pottery shoAvs intercourse Avith the Aegean and Phoenicia by sea, and the juglet (plate xxxix, 32) is evidence of Syrian trade by caravan.
36
EHNASYA.
CHAPTER X.
THE SITE OF BUTO. By ^Y. M. F. Petiue and C. T. Currelly.
57. When studying the geography of Ptolemy, I noticed that the position of Bute was due nortli of Kabasa ; and as the latter was ahnost certainly the modern Shabas, and a canal ran due north from that, the site of Buto was pro- bably down that canal. "When I visited the place in 1886 I found a large town and temple- site in the required position, with a village close by it named Ibtu. The connection of this name with that of Buto is said to have been suggested by RocHKMONTEix ; but it is not in his collected works, nor was I aware of it -when tracking it out l)y Ptolemy's position, and publishing it in Naukratis ii. The identification is accepted by Mr. Hogarth in his recent discussion of the district (Jovrii. HelJ. St. xxiv).
After eighteen years an opportunity occurred of examining this site, and Mr. Currelly went there in February lOOi, to make some trial pits. The general results of this examination are incorporated in the following description of tlie site.
The sketch-map (pi. xliv), is based on the official survey of the surrounding field divisions ; tlie land surveyor not having any business with antiquities, but only with taxed property, lias not placed any suggestion of the real sliape of tlie mounds on the official survey. As I was expecting to continue work there in future, 1 had not brought surveying instruments on m>' visit, and hence the sketch here given was only made by pacing and reference to the sui-i-ounding fields.
Tiie first main feature is tlio division of tlic
Roman town (pi. xliii, -5, 0) in two halves, sepa- rated by the approach to the temple. This suggests a connection with the dual towns I'e and Di^'f, in early times ; but as the whole of the remains now above water-level are probably not before the Ptolemies, the present configura- tion need not liave any relation to the ancient positions of the towns. It is singular that there is another great dual city, Thmuis-Mendes, in the east of the Delta. There may be some common cause for such duality, probably in separate towns of earlier people and conquerors.
Between the two great mounds the ground rises but slightly, and has been much dug away hr sehaJili. ; the large mounds have been simi- larly dug, so that the house walls stand high and bare over most of the mounds. At the north-west of the mounds is a lower rise, which is the Roman cenieter}'. This ground is full of pottery coffins, as described beluw. Outside of this is a ridge, with some large red brick houses of Roman age. In this cemetery ground a deep pit, sunk about 30 feet to water level, showed brick walls at intervals to the bottom. At the top the pottery was of tlie IV'th century a.d., and at tiie bottom was a Greek vase of the Ilnd century u.c. Hence the town had been great and flourishing in the Ptolemaic iiiid Roman time, as 30 feet of ruins had accumu- lated in five or six centuries. But its eai'lier history is now hidden beneath the water-level.
58. The temple is b(iiiii(U;d by agreatteme- nos wall, about 70 feet (40 cubits) thick (xliii, 3, 4). This is thickened by masses built into
THE SITE OF BUTO.
the north-east and north-west corners. The irregularity of the plan is like that of Tanis, and probably arose from wishiug to include some other building beside the temple. Within it is a brick wall close around the actual temple, about 25 feet thick. This inner area is parallel to the south side of the temenos. The space east of the temple is entirely filled with houses up to the top of the temenos wall, while there are other houses not quite so high at the sides ; the ruins in front are lower. All of these houses are of Roman age, as far as can be seen by the pottery. The wall close to the temple goes doAvn into the water, so its base is un- known ; but it rises in all about 25 feet over water, and was therefore over 30 or 35 feet high originally. This must have completely hidden the temple ; and as the space inside was only about 100 feet wide, it scarcely seems as if even a passage existed between the stone temple and the brick wall. JMoreover, a bed of sand still remains banked against this wall at 6 to 7 feet above water : and that suirorests that the stone- Avork was built close to the wall.
Throughout the temple area no built stone was found, although we sunk seven large pits nearly all to water-level. But great quantities of quartzite fragments remain all througli the ground. These are also scattered far and wide over all the mounds, probably where the destroyers had worked corn-grinders out of the temple masonry. The small amount of lime- stone chiles in proj^ortion to the (piartzite sug- gests that the temple was internally of quartzite from Gebel Ahmar, and externally of brick plastered and stuccoed white ; while limestone was perhaps restricted to the facade, Avhere fine detail was required. The sand bed at (i to 7 feet above Avater Avas seen in two pits, and Avas probably tliat of the last re-building of the temple, presumably in the XXVIth Dynasty. But nearly all of it had been carried away, probably to mix Avith lime for Roman morta)- ; and the Avhole of the loAver foundations of the
loAver temples seem to have been completely removed by Roman quarriers. In one place a roAv of saAvn slabs of stone Avas left by them stacked together, shoAving hoAV systematically and completely they made their clearances. This is also indicated by three pieces of porphyry jars of the 1st Dynasty, found scattered in various parts of tlie top of the Roman town, on the outside mounds. These show that the Roman destroyers liad dug out the fovmdations doAvn to the oldest temple, and had scattered remains similar to those of Hierakonpolis, Avhich they had found in their clearance. This giA'es little hope of ever finding much of the early temple, even if the difficulty of the Avater-level were overcome.
59. How the loAver part comes to be now under water is explained, A\dien Ave see Iioav the coast remains at Alexandria are all submerged ; and this agrees Avith Mr. Hogarth's report that the Ptolemaic remains are all now l)ulow Avater. In the early Arab period the Avhole north of the Delta seems to have subsided, as is usual Avith great deltas ; the sea broke in and flooded what had been the richest nomes, and formed the great coast lakes of the present time, studded over with mounds of Roman toAvns. This subsidence placed all the earlier remains beneath Avater level ; and here it seems that the earlier temple levels, and the town before the Ptolemies, must be resigned as practically inaccessible.
The denudation of the site is excessive from the heavy rains (see xliii). Nearly all the north wall has been washed away ; only ten feet Avidth of the seventy is left at the to]) of it. The Avhole Avail is built Avith layers of rushes betAveeu the bricks to bind them. In the west corner of the temenos A\all, at 300 from the S.W. and 520 from the N.W., I saAV a discolouration of the ground, Avhich proved to be a pit thirty inches square in the brickAvork, filled with earth. This looked like a fouudation deposit hole; so we cleared it down through 280 inches of brick-
38
EHNASYA.
wurk and 50 of bard mud, but found notbing 1 below, tbougb we dug 15 in. into unmoved base mud at the bottom.
W. M. F. r.
60. To the north of the two mounds of Bute there is a fiat mass of rubbish rising from 20 to 30 ft. above the level of the cultivation. In this the Roman population of the town were buried. Denudation and the picks of the sehakh diggers have laid bare so many of their pottery coffins that in places the ground is covered with the fragments. Some of the digging has been done in the sides of the mound, Avhere ends of numerous coffins may be seen in section.
61. The first feeling on the sight of the cemetery was : how strong a contrast the care- less cheapness of the burials offered to the pious care with which the early Egyptian laid away his dead.
There were no regularly built tombs. A hole Avas dug and in this the body in its pottery coffin was placed, and the sections now visible show the conscious or unconscious disorderly super- position of successive burials. Most of the bodies lay with the head to the east.
62. The coffins fall into four classes. The best ones are somewhat the shape of a modern coffin, but very shallow, and have the ends rounded. The pottery is of the ordinary coarse red type. The sides and bottom are about an inch thick, but the rim widens out considerably to fit against the flat lid.
The second type is similar, but without the lid. The body is placed on the ground and the inverted coffin is placed over it.
The third is a still poorer type. It is merely two large round pots, each about 3 ft. deep, and with a broad fiat-topped rim. Into one of these the head and shoulders Avere tlirust, Avliile the other was draAvn up over the feet.
Though this method may seem ratlier rough and ready, it protected the bodies better than the coffin-shaped pots did ; for while many of the
double pots Avere intact, all the coffins had been forced in by the pressure of the earth.
Childi-en Avere buried in broken amphorae of the Avater-pot type. The top Avas broken ott' and the body placed inside.
The Avorkmanship shoAvn by even the best of these coffins is very poor and careless, and the superiority of even the poorest of the slipper- like Ramesside coffins Ibund at Gurob is very marked. This is all the more noticeable, as the pottery, that littered the site in tons, shoAved very good technique. It is certainly the best Roman pottery I have seen, and shoAvs that at Buto the potter's art Avas taken seriously. Imi- tations of the fourth century black Attic Avare, and a thin red Avare Avith a beautiful surface, Avere in such quantities that it seemed that care- lessness alone could account for the uniform roughness of the coffins.
A considerable number of coffins Avere taken out, and deep pits Avere also sunk into this part of the mound in the hope of finding an earlier cemetery beneath. A fcAV things Avere found that Avere probably, but not positively, con- nected Avith the burials. The only objects of interest Avere tAvo flask-shaped bottles made of very thin glass. These are decorated Avith zig- zag lines of paint, an apparent imitation of the familiar Greek glass. The models no doubt Avere ol^tained by robbing tombs, and the pre- sence of 1st Dynast}' stone boAvls high up in Roman houses Avould indicate considei'able plundering, probably in the temple area.
x\s the cultivated area is only tAVO meters above sea-level, the soil of the mounds is so damp that nearly all organic matter has long ago disappeared.
On the edge of tlie mound, just a little north of the axis of the temple, a very large granite statue of a haAvk Avas found. The head, the base, and one Aving Avere mutilated. It is un- inscribed, but from the style seems to be of the XXVlth Dynasty. See plate xliii, 7, S.
C. T. (J.
39
INDEX
|
" Aamu, King of the," scarabs of |
. 4 |
Bubastis column |
13 |
14, 15 |
|||
|
Abydos |
. 3,7 |
Burials, details of |
. |
. |
. 4 |
||
|
Aegean false-necked vases |
. 34 |
,, unusual E |
gyptian ideal of . |
. 3 |
|||
|
Almas |
13, 15, 25 |
Buto, views of . |
1 |
25 |
3G, 38 |
||
|
Akhenateu, red granite lilock of |
. 20 |
||||||
|
Cairo Museum . |
. 10 |
||||||
|
Alabaster bowls . • . |
. 34 |
Carnelian ring . |
. 24 |
||||
|
,, ear ornament |
. 24 |
Cemetery for sacred fish . |
. 35 |
||||
|
,, kohl pot .... |
. 24 |
,, Komau |
. 3G |
||||
|
rings .... |
. 24 |
Centiu-y third . fnurth |
. 2G |
||||
|
Amenemhat III, ha name of |
. 20 |
. 27 27, 28 |
|||||
|
,, temple of |
. 4 |
fifth . |
|||||
|
Amenhotep II, rosettes of |
. 24 |
,, seventh |
. 28 |
||||
|
Amen ra ...... |
. 10 |
,, eighth |
28, 29 |
||||
|
Anaaref |
. 21 |
Ceres (?j . |
. 2G |
||||
|
Anastasius, coins of . |
. 28 |
Children's coffins |
. 38 |
||||
|
Animal worship, growing distaste for |
. 17 |
Christianity Coins |
17, 28 |
||||
|
Ankhtaui, lord of ... . |
. 22 |
23 |
,24, |
2G |
27, 28 |
||
|
An-mutef priest .... |
22 |
Columns of temple |
, positions of |
. 13 |
|||
|
Annekht, stela of ... . |
. 22 |
Constantine II, coin of . . . |
. 27 |
||||
|
Antef V |
. 4 |
Construction of the temple |
7 |
||||
|
Antonine Emperor, cartouches of |
. 23 |
Coptic church . |
10, 13 |
||||
|
Antoniniis, i)lock with names of |
12, 17, 24, 28 |
Currelly, Mr. . |
24, 3G |
||||
|
,, coins of . |
. 26 |
Cyprus |
. 24 |
||||
|
Aphrodite |
2G, 27 |
||||||
|
Arsaphcs, priestess of . . . |
. 22 |
Delta |
3(;, 37 |
||||
|
,, temple of . . . |
1 |
Dimensions of the |
columns |
13 |
M |
15, IG |
|
|
Arsinoe II, coins of . |
. 24 |
of XVIIIth Dyn. temple |
8 |
||||
|
Asar-riHffrnc/ ..... |
. 10 |
Diorite kohl pots |
. 34 |
||||
|
Atmu |
. 10 |
Drums of white quartzite sandstone |
15, 21 |
||||
|
.■\ttic cboenix |
. 27 |
Du hay maat, new |
title . |
. 19 |
|||
|
,, wan^ |
. 38 |
Dynasty I |
. 3, |
37, 38 |
|||
|
Ayrton, Mr. . |
• i, 3, 4, 10, 2J |
„ V „ VI . |
. 20 . 33 |
||||
|
Bantanta, Princess .... |
. 22 |
.„ XI |
. 3,4 |
||||
|
Basalt naos, flak(! of ... |
. 20 |
„ XII . |
3, 4, 5, G, 7, 8, 10, |
11 |
, 13, |
15, |
20, 2G |
|
Bast |
. 24 |
„ XVIII |
. 3, 4, 5, G, 8, 9, |
20 |
24, |
25, |
33, 34 |
|
Bastet |
. 10 |
„ XIX . |
. 3, 6, 8, 9, |
15 |
OO ^^1 |
24, |
25,30 |
|
Beliiidet, the |
. 20 |
„ XXIII |
. 12 |
||||
|
Bowls, alal)aster .... |
. 34 |
,, XXVI . |
. |
37, 38 |
|||
|
Brick contractor, trouble with . |
. 1 |
„ XXIX . |
. |
. 23 |
|||
|
,, walls |
• 3, 4, G |
„ XXX . |
. ■ . • |
. |
12,19 |
40
INDEX.
Ehnasya .... Evans, Mr.
False-uecked vases, Aegean Festival, Sedheb Seel .
Gallienus, coins of . Gebel Ahmar quartzite Glass bottles . Goddess of palm trees Gold statuette . Granaries GrifiBth, Mr. . Giirob
Hakor, basalt shrine of
,, figure of Hapi
Harpocrates Hathor Hathor-mert Hatshepsut Henensuten Heraclius, coin of Hei'akleopolis Her-em-akbti Hersbef .
,, temple of Hierakonpolis Hogarth, Mr. Horus House A .
„ 13 .
„ C .
„ D .
., E .
„ F .
„ (i .
„ n .
„ K . „ L . „ M . „ N . Hypostyle Hal
Ibtu .... Inscription on facade
„ ,, gold statuette
Iron tools . Isis . ,, worsliip
1, 14, 15, 18, 25, 2G . 34
. 34 . 9 . 22
. 26 . 37 . 38 . 27 1, 18 . 3 . 14 32, 33, 35
1, 21, 24,
13,
10,
. 2
20, 23 22
26, 27
22, 23, 25
. 20
. 34
3, 18, 23
. 28
18, 22, 26
. 21
18, 20, 22
21, 24 . 37
36, 37
9, 27, 29
. 28
. 27
. 27
. 27
24, 28
. 27
. 27
. 27
24, 26, 27
. 28
. 27
11, 12, 15, k;
. 36 . 21 . 18 . 23 27, 29 . 17
Justin, coins of . Justinian ,, ,, .
Ka name of Amenemliat III
Kabara
Karnak
Khnumu-Ptah-ha^yk .
Knossos .
Kohl pots .
Kom-ed-Dinard
Levels
Limestone columns .
Loat, Mr. .
Luqsor
Maat
MacGregor, Eev. W.
Magat, princely house of
Medinet Habu .
Megiddo .
Memphis .
Mena, prince of Dendereh
,, tablet of Merenptah Mery-Amen-Ramessu Milne, Mrs.
Napata, stele of
Naukratis
Naville, Dr.
Neferkara
Nefertum (?) .
Neferuibastet .
Nekheb .
Nekht-hor-heb, granite naos of
Nemrot .
Nile perch
Nul>kheper-ra .
Osorkon II
Ox, cutting up of an .
Palm columns .
Pankhy I, the Ethiopian
Papyri cartonnago .
Pazesef
Pef-du-bast-raes-Bast, gold statuette
Pef-du-du-I3asl .
Philip, coin of .
Phoenicia .
Phoenician glass
of
|
. 28 |
|
|
. 28 |
|
|
. 20 |
|
|
. 36 |
|
|
. 8 |
|
|
. 24 |
|
|
. 34 |
|
|
. 34 |
|
|
20, 24 |
25, 26 |
|
5,6 |
|
|
. 23 |
|
|
1, 35 |
|
|
. 9 |
|
|
. 21 |
|
|
. 13 |
|
|
. 22 |
|
|
. 9 |
|
|
22 |
|
|
. 22 |
|
|
. 19 |
|
|
. 7 |
|
|
7,35 |
|
|
. 21 |
|
|
. 2 |
|
|
. 19 |
|
|
. 25 |
|
|
1, 2, 7, |
13, 15 |
|
. 18 |
|
|
. 24 |
|
|
18, 19 |
|
|
20, 22 |
|
|
12, 17 |
|
|
22 |
|
|
24, 35 |
|
|
. 4 |
|
|
22 |
|
|
. 20 |
|
|
. 7 |
|
|
. 19 |
|
|
. 34 |
|
|
. 22 |
|
|
1, 18 |
|
|
. 12 |
|
|
. 26 |
|
|
24, 35 |
|
|
. 34 |
|
INDEX. |
41 |
|||||
|
Porphyry jars . |
. 37 |
Set-em-hebu .... |
. 22 |
|||
|
Post-Eamesside temples |
. 12 |
Shabas . |
. 36 |
|||
|
Pottery .... |
. 2G, 28, |
30, 31, 33 |
Shaindana |
. 22 |
||
|
coffins . |
33, 34, .38 |
Shardana soldier |
. 22 |
|||
|
Prehistoric graves |
. 34 |
Shedtef-sa, queen |
. 20 |
|||
|
Psamtek .... |
. 23 |
Sheshonk III . |
. 22 |
|||
|
Ptah .... |
. 9, 10, 22 |
Bma-taui-taf-nekht |
. 23 |
|||
|
Ptah-tiinen |
. 10 |
" Speech of Sekhet " |
. 20 |
|||
|
Ptolemy, geography ol |
. 3G |
Spielgelberg, Dr. |
. 22 |
|||
|
Pumice stone |
. 33 |
Survey of temple ruins |
. 2 |
|||
|
Ea |
. 21 |
Table of offerings |
. 20 |
|||
|
Ramesside cotiins |
. 33, 34 |
Tacitus, coin of . . . |
. 27 |
|||
|
temple |
. 10 |
Tahuti |
. 24 |
|||
|
Ramesseum |
. 9 |
Tahutmes III . (or Thothmes III) |
3, 5,8, 11, 23, 24, .34, |
|||
|
Ramessu II, brick of |
. 35 |
35 |
||||
|
as Osiris |
. 22 |
Tanis .... |
9 |
|||
|
,, collossi of |
9, 19 |
Taurt .... |
4, 24 |
|||
|
,, temple of |
3, 5, ^ |
', S, 9, 10, |
11, 12, 20 |
Tell el Aniarna .... |
. 21 |
|
|
,, quartzite blocks |
of |
19, 20 |
Tcmenos wall .... |
12, 19, 20, 25, 36, 37 |
||
|
,, sculptured block |
of |
. 17 |
Temple, early evidence of |
. 3 |
||
|
Rochemonteix . |
. 36 |
Temple walls .... |
. 3 |
|||
|
Roman cemetery |
. 36 |
Thmuis-Mendes |
. 36 |
|||
|
,, comic actor . |
. 26 |
Thothmes III (see Tahutmes III) |
||||
|
houses . |
• 24, |
26, 27, 28 |
Tombs, Christian |
. 35 |
||
|
,, town |
. 36 |
rifled .... Trajan, coins of . . . |
. 34,35 . 26 |
|||
|
Sand beds |
.5,9 |
Triads, granite .... |
. 1, 9, 10 |
|||
|
Saqqara .... |
. 1 |
|||||
|
Schiifer .... |
. 25 |
Uazet |
. 20 |
|||
|
Sed festival |
. 22 |
Uscr-maat-ra-sotep-cn-Ra |
. 21 |
|||
|
Sedheb f(islival . |
. 9 |
User-marros .... |
. 22 |
|||
|
Sedment .... |
32, 33 |
|||||
|
Senus('rt IJ |
■1, 7, |
15, 20, 22 |
Valentinian, solidi of |
. 24 |
||
|
III . |
■i, 7, |
15, 20, 22 |
||||
|
Serapis .... |
. 27 |
Wilcken . |
■ |
. 25 |
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