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i^i.

THE GENERAL

BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.

I

A NEW EDITION.

VOL. VIIL

\

><

Printed by Nichols, Son, and Bentlby, Red Lion Passage^ Fleet Stireet, Loudon.

THE GENERAL

BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY :

CONTAINING

AN HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL ACCOUNT

OF TBB

LIVES AND WRITINGS

OF THB ^

MOST EMINENT PERSONS

IN EVERY NATION;

PARTICUIiAKLY THE BRITISH AND IRISH;

FROM THE EARLIEST ACCOUNTS TO THE PRESENT TIME.

A NEW EDITION,

REVISED AND ENLARGED BY

ALEXANDER CHALMERS, F. S. A.

VOL. VIIL

LONDON! >

FRINTED FOK J. NICHOLS AND SON ; F. C. AND ). HVINGTON < T. PAYNB i OTBIDGE AND SON ; G. AND W. NICOL ; WILKIE AND ROBINSON ; J. WALKER ; R. LEA; W. LOWNDES; WHITE, COCHRANE, AND CO.; J. DEIGHTON; T. EGERTON ; LACKINOTON, ALLEN, AND CO. ; J. CARPENTER; LONGMAN^ BURST, REE8, ORME, AND BROWN ; CAOELL AND DAVIES ; C. LAW ; J. BOOKER ; J. CUTHELL ; • CLARKE AND SONS ; J. AND A. ARCH ; J. HARRIS ; BLACK,

PARRY, AND CO. ; J. BOOTH ; J. MAWHAN ; GALE, CURTIS, AND FENNER;

R. H. EVANS ; J. HATCHARD ; J. HARDING ; R. BALDWIN ; J* MURRAY ; J. JOHN-

flON AND CO. ; E, BENTLEY } AND J. FAULDER.

1813.

A NEW AND GENERAL

BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.

^ «

(JaAB, or CAB-BEN-ZOHAIR, a distinguished Ara- biun poety was one of the rabbis among those Arabians who had embraced Judaism. Mahomet, irritated by a satirical poem which Caab h^d written against him and his ne\^ seet, made war on the Jewish Arabian tribes, ia hopes of seijBing him and putting him, ^o d^ath. Caab, however^ contrived to escape his fury^^^trf^M^0«5tnet had made him- self master of Arabia, wheil^-iiffe^iljad tKe^ art to be recon- ciled to him, turned Maho&i^a^, atHd altered his poem by inserting the name of Abub^^^tiHh^ of Mahomet

occurred; and as these conde^^^^did not seem to effect a complete reconciliation, he wrote a poem in favour of one of his mistresses, which was so successful that Maho- met received him into fri ^ndship, and bestowed on bini hi^ own mantle, which the caliph Moavias purchased when he came to the throne, and it became the dress of his siic-^ cessors on state oeci^sions. Caab is also said to have had a considerable hand in drawing up tb^^ Alqoran. According to Herbelot he died in the fimt ye»c of the hegira, or A. C. 622. An edition of bis poem in praise of Mahomet was published under the title *' Caa)^ Ben-Zobair carmen panegyricum in laodem Mohammediii, &c/' Leyden, 1748^ 4tOj with an eloge by Albert Scultens. *

CAB AN IS (Peter John Georgc), a French physician of considerable efmoence^ the son of Mons« Ca1>ams, an able tgriculturist^ was born about 1756 ; and in his youth

» D'Hcfbeiot-^areri.— Pryeaux'f Life of Mahomet, p. 103. «UU 4th, >70S, Sfv.

Vol. Vin. B

V

2 CABANIS.

shewed much taste for scientific as well as polite literature, which he pursued with success ; although having caught the revolutionary phrensy, his studies became interrupted by his political engagements. He is said, however, to have had no hand in^ any of the excesses which aro3Q out of the fury of contending parties. He was connected with Mi- rabeau, and attended him in his professional capacity on his death-bed. He was also one of the Council of Five Hun- dred; and it was in consequence of a motion maJ^ by him, that the Directory was dissolved. His principles, however, do not appear to have been much more steady and consis- tent than those of his brethren. He published, 1. ** Obser- vations sur les Hopitaux,'^ Paris, 1790, 8vo. 2. '* Journal de la maladie et de la mbrt de Mirabeau," ibid. 1791, 8vo. 3. ** Travail sur I'education publique," a posthumous work of Mirabeau, edited by Cabanis, 1791, 8vo. 4. '^ Melanges de LitteratureAIlemande," 1796, 8vo. 5. "Dudegrcde certitude delamedecine,"1797, 8vo, republished in 1802, with tlwaddi* tion of the first two articles in this list. 6. ^^Quelques considera- tions sur rorganizationsociale en generale,^*&c. 179^^ 12mo. 7. " Des rapports du physique et du morale de Pbomme,'* 1803, 2 vols. 8vo, reprinted with additions in 1804. On the merit of this work the French critics are divided ; we may, however, form some idea of it from the circilimstance of its htiivi|3g been praised by the philosophers, and cen^^ sured by the divines. 8. '< Coup d'ocil sur les revolutions etlareforn^e de la medicine," 1803. 9, ** Observation* sur les affections Catarrhales," ice. 1 807. He wrote also some curious articles in the ^^ Magazin Encyclopedique ;'^ aud in the Moniteur for 1799 are many of his i^eeches in the legislative body. He was connected, we are told, with a great part of the writers and philosophers who contributed to enlighten the eighteenth century. During his last year» he inhabited a country-house at Auteuil, bequeathed him by his friend madame Helvetius. He died at Meulan, May 5, 1808 ; and was at the time of his desBth a member of the institute, c^ the philomatic society, and of the medical society. *

CABASILAS (NiLUs), archbishop of Thessalonica in

jnhe fourteenth century, under the empire of the Andronl-

'^B% wrote two treatises against the Latins ; the first tp prove

that the division between the Greek and Latin churchips

is owing in a great measure to the conduct of th^ Pope^ wbq

* DieU Hist.

CABASILAS. 9

wishes t6 tct iode|iendQntly af an oecuaienicid cooqcUi cod* tirary to the usage ot the diurch : the second is a more direct attack on the infaltibility of the Pope, and reducea his primacy to merely « priioacy of honour ; and be urges many arguments against tbe assumed power of the pope which are perfectly coesiatent with the opinions on which tbe. sefiDrmers afterwards proceeded. These treatises* Da Pin saijs^ are written with method, perspicuity, and learn* ing. They .were at first printed at London in Greek, with* out datey according to Du Pin, but we have not been able to discover this edition. They were, however, published in English at London, in 1 5$0 ; or at least the latter of them, under the title '* A Treatise containing a declaration of tbe Pope's usurped primacie ; written in Greek above seven hundred yeares since by Nilus archbidiop of Thessalonica. Translated by Thomas Gressop, student in Oxford," 8vo. There are also editions in Greek and Latin at Basil, U44« Francfort, 1535, and with Salmasius's notes, 1608. Our author also wrote a large work on the procession of the Holy Ghost, in oppositioii.to the Latins*^

CABASILAS (Nicholas), nephew of the preceding, and successor in the archbishopric of Thessalonica, Sou* rifibed under the reign of Cantacuzenus, and had all his uncle^s prejudices against tbe Latins. He also wrote *^ On the procession of the Holy Ghost ; and an exposition of tbe Liturgy,'^ in which he delivers the doctrine of tbe Greek church concerning the mass ; and which was printed ia Latin at Venice, in 1545^ and at Antwerp in 1560; and in Greek and Latin in the '^ Bibliotheca Patrum,^' Paris, 1624. In the same *' Bibliotheca," is also included his ^'Life of Jesus Christ,'' translated into Latin, and sepa-* rately printed at lugolstadt, in 1604. A translation of his work '^against Usury," is also contained in the ^^ Biblio* theca.'* In the sciences of mathematics and astronomy, he is said to have surpassed all his contemporaries.'

CABASSQLE (Philip d^) was a native of Cavailloni in Provence, where he became a canon of the cathedtad^ archdeacon and bishop in 1334. He was also honoured with the rank of cbaocelior to Sancha^ queen of Sicily, by her husband Robert, in 1341, and jointly with thatprinpess was regent during tbe minority of Joan her gcand*daughten

• ' - * ' • . •

1 Du Pin. — Leo AUatius in Diatribe cle Nili* #t eoruai scriptis. — Care, voJ. U. •-Saxii Ononiast. 3 it^ij.

* <

B 2

^ C A B A S S O L E.^

In \Z66ihe was appointed psttriarch of Jerusalem, atid had the eharge of the bishopric of Marseilles ; and at last pope Urban V. raised him to the rank of cardinal^ and vicar-general spiritual and temporal in the diocese of Avignon, and wjiile the popes resided &t Avfgnon, Gre<^ gory XI. made him superintendant of the papal territory in Italy. He died at Perugia in 1372. He wrote a treatiscf ^'De Nngis Curiaiium/' some sermons^ and two books on the life and miracles of St. Mary Magdalen. Petrarch was his particular friend, and dedicated to him his treatise on a solitary life ; and many of his letters are addressed to himi He is likewise mentioned with high praise by other learned contemporaries. *

CABASSUT (John), of Aix, was a celebrated priest bf the oratory, who taught the canon law at Avignon, and died September 25, 1685, at Aix, aged eighty one. His chief works are : ^^ Juris Canonici theoria^ et praxis,^' a new edition of which was published by M. Gibert, 1 738, foL with notes ; an ** Account of the Ecclesiastical History of tbte Councils and Canons," in Latin, the best edition of which is 1680, fol. In the edition of 1670, 8vo, are some Dis« sertations not to be found in that of 1680, Few ecclesi-^ astics have been more praised for excellence of private character than Cabassut*

. CABEL, or KABEL (Adrian Vander), a painter of landscape, sea-ports, and cattle, was bom at Ryswick^ in 1631, and became a disciple of John Van Goyen, undei? whose instruction and example he made a rapid progress in his profession, and by whom his name was changed from Vander Touw to Vander Cabel. He copied nature and designed every object before be inserted any in his com- positions. His taste in designing animals and figures was formed after that of Castiglione ; and in landscape his model was the style of Salvator Rosa. His manner i^'great,^ and much after the gout of the Italian school. The touch- Jogs of fais trees are excellent ; his figures and animals are very correct, and marked with spirit. Although his dif^ lerent pictures have unequal merit, they are all distinv guisbed by the freedom of his hand, ar>d the fine touch of his pencil. In his colouring he was solicitous to imitate' the Caracci and Mola; but the beauty of his design and^ composition is often injured by too dark and deep tone of

^ Moreri. * MorerM^Dupiu.'

V A B £ Li* "B

celouring. His etchings, of which some feWremain, are performed in a slight, free style. He died in 1G95.^

CABOT (Sebastian)i a navigator of great eminence and abilities, was born at Bristol about the year 1477. He was son of John Cabot, a Venetian pilot, who resided much in England, and particularly in the city of Bristol ; ^and who was greatly celebrated for bis skill in navigation. Young Cabot was early instructed by his father in arith- .metic, geometry, geography, and those branches of know- ledge which were best calculated to form an able and skilful seaman ; and by the time he was seventeen years of age, he had already made several trips to sea, in order to add to the theoretical knowledge which he had acquired, a competent skill in the practical part of navigation. The first voyage of any importance in which he was engaged, appears to have been that made by his father, for the dis^ covery of unknown lands ; and also, as it is said, of a north- west passage to the East Indies. John Cabot was encou^ raged to this attempt by the discoveries of Columbus. It was in 1493 that Columbus returned from his first expe* ,.dition; and in 1495, John Cabot obtained from king Henry VII. letters patent, empowering him and his three sons, Lewis, Sebastian, and Sainctius, to discover unknown lands, and to conquer and settle them, for which they were to be admitted to many privileges ; the king reserving to himself one-Bfth part of the neat profits; and with this single restraint, that the ships they fitted out should be obliged to return to the port of Bristol. It was not till the .year after these letters patent were granted, that any pre* parations were made for fitting out vessels for the intended voyage ; and then John Cabot had a permission from his majesty, to take six English ships in any haveu of the jealm, of the burdeti of two hundred tons and under, with as many mariners as should be willing to go with him. Accordingly, one ship was equipped at Bristol, at the king^s expence ; and to this the merchants of tlmtcuy, and of London, added three or four small vessels, freighted with proper commodities.

John Cabot, attended by his son Sebastiat), s^t sail with this fleet in the spring of the year 1497. They sailed happily on their north west course, till thf? 24th of June, ^n the same year, about five in the morning, when they

1 D*ArgeDvi11e.-^PiIkiD5tOD and Strutt's Dictionaries.

6 CABOT.

jdiscovered the island of BaccaUos, now much better kaown by ttii name of Newfoundland. The tery day on which they made this important disco've^ry, is known by a large map, drawn by Sebastian Cabot, and cut by Clement 'Adams, which hung in the privy gallery at Whitehall; whereon was this inscription, under the author's picture : ** Effigies Seb. Caboti, Angli, Filii Jo. Caboti, Venetian!, Militis Aurati, &c/* and on this map was likewise the fol- lowing account of the discovery, the original of which wa« in Latin: ** In the year of our Lord 1497, John Cabot, a Venetian, and his son Sebastian, with an English fleet, set out from Bristol, and discovered that island which no man before bad attempted. This discovery was made on the four and twentieth of June, about five o'clock in the morning. This land he called Prima Vista (or First Seen), because it was that part of which they bad the first sight from the sea. The island, which lies out before the land, he called the island of St. John, probably because it wa^ discovered on the festival of St. John the Baptist. The inhabitants of this island wore beasts* skins, and esteemed them as the finest garments.'' To this Purchas adds, ^^ In their wars they used bows, arrows, pikes, jiarts, wooden elub^, and slings. They found the ^oil barren in some places, and yielding little fruit ; but it was full of whitt bfiears and stags, far larger than those of Europe. It yielded plenty of fish, and those of the larger kind, as seals aqd salmon. They found soles there above a yard in length, and great abundance of that kind of .fish which the savages called baccaiaos. They also observed there partfidges, a^ likewise hawks and eagles ; but what was remarkable in them, they were all as black as ravens."

The accounts of this voyage made by John Cabot, ac- eompanied by his son Sebastian, are, in some respects, involvedin much obscurity ; and Sebastian is supposed to have made some voyages of discovery without his father, in the reign of Henry VII. of which no narrations have been preserved. However, it appears that John Cabot, after the discovery of Newfoundland, sailed down to Cape Flo- rida, and then returned with three Indians, and a good cargo, to England, where he was well received. The discovery that he and his son had made, was, indeed, as Dr. Campbell observes, very important; ** since, in truth, it was the first time the continent of America had been seek! ; Columbus being unacquainted therewith till his

CABOT, V

last voyage, wbicfa was the year fdiawing, when he coasted along a part of the isthmus of Darien.'*

Alter the toyage in which Newfoundland was discovered^ there is a considerable chasm in the life of Sebastian Cabot; for we have no distinct accounts of what he per- formed for the 3pace of twenty years together, though he probably performed several voyages during that period. Nor have we any account at what time, or in what place, his father John Uabot died ; though it is supposed to have been* in England. The next transaction concerning Se- bastian Cabot, of which we meet with any mention, was in the eighth year of the reign of King Henry VIII. and our accounts relative to this are not very clear. But it seems he had entered into a close connexion with sir Thomas Pert, tlien vice-admiral of England, and who procured him a good ship of the king's, in order to make discoveries. It is supposed, however, that he had now changed his xoute, and intended to have passed by the South to the East ' Indies ; for he sailed first to Brazil, and missing there of his purpose, shaped his course for the islands of Hispaniola and Porto Rico, where he carried on some traffic, and then returned, failing absolutely in the de- sign upon which he went ; not through any want either of courage or of conduct in himself, but from the timidity of his coadjutor, sir Thomas Pert.

It was this disappointment which is supposed to have induced Sebastian Cabot to leave England, and go over into Spain. There be was treated with great respect, and appointed pilots-major, or chfef pilot of Spain ; and by his office entrusted with the reviewing of all projects for dis- covery ; which at that period were numerous and import- ant. His great capacity and reputation as a navigator, in- duced many opulent merchants to treat with him, in 1524, about a voyage to be undertaken at tlieir expence by the new-found passage of Magellan to the Moluccos ; and Ca- bot accordingly agreed to engage in the voyage. He set sail from Cadiz, with four ships, about the beginning of April 1525, first to the Canaries, then to the Cape Verd islands, and from thence to Cape St. Augustine, and the island of Patos, or Ge^se ; and near Bahia de Todos los Santos, or the bay of All Saints, he met a French ship. When he came to the island just mentioned, he was in great want of provisions ; but the Jndians treated him with much kindness, and supplied him with provisions for all hi«

« CABOT.

.ships. ^ This he returned by an act of base ingratitude, carrying off with him by force four sons of the principat persons of the island. He then proceeded to the river of ^late, having left ashore, on a desert island, Martin Men- dibz, his vice-admiral, captain Francis de Rojas, and Mi- chael de Rojas, because they censured his conduct. He was now prevented from prosecuting bis original design of .going to tbe Spice Islands, both by a scarcity of provisions, and a mutiny among his men. He sailed, however^ up the river of Plate ; and about thirty leagues above the iHouth he found an island, which he called St. Gabriel, about a le^igue in compass, and half a, league from tbe continent towards Brazil. There he anchored ; and, rowing with the boats three leagues higher, discovered. a river he called San Salvador, or St. Saviour, very deep, and a safe har- bour for the ships on the same side; whither he brought up his vessels, and unloaded them, hecau£»e there was not much water at the mouth of tbe river. Having built a fort, and left some men in it, he determined to proceed up that river with boats, and a flat-bottomed caravel, in order to ipake discoveries ; for he thought his voyage might thereby be rendered beneficial, though he did not pass through the Straits to the Spice Islands. When he bad advanced thirty leagues, he came to a river called Zarcarana i the inha- bitants in the neighbourhood of which he found to be intel- ligent, and not unfriendly ; a«id here he erected another fort, calling it jSanti Spiritus, i. e. of the Holy Ghost, and his followers by another name, viz. Cabot's Fort, He then discovered the shores of the river Parana, where he found several islands and rivers, aiid at length came to tbe river Paraguay, in the neighbourhood of which he found people tilling the ground ; a circumstance which had not occurred ,tp him before in that part of tl>e world. But here the na- tives opposed him with so much vigour, that he advanced no farther, though he had killed many of the Indians; but they slew twenty-five of his Spaniards, and took three of tliem, who went out to gather palmetos.

While Sebastian Cabot was thus employed, James Gar- cia, with the same*view of making discoveries, had entered the river of Plate, without knowing that the other was there before him. He. had been sent from. Gaiicia with t,wo vessels, and came to an anchor in the same place where Cabot's ship lay, about jhe beginning of 1527. Directing his course towards the river Parana, he arrived at the fort

CABOT. 9

built by Cabot ; and about one hundred a^nd tei) iMgues frooi tbis fort he found Cabot himself, in the pqrt of St. Anne. After a short stay there, they returned together to the fort of the Holy Ghost, from whence they sent mes- sengers into Spain. Those who were dispatched by Cabot were Francis Caideron and George Barlow, who gave a very favourable account of the fine countries bordering on the river La Plata, shewing bow large a tract of land he had not only discovered, out subdued ; and producing gold, silver, ahd other valuable commodities, as evidences in favour of their commander's conduct. They then de- manded on his behalf, that a supply should be sent of prq- visiuDs, ammunition, goods proper to carry on a trade, and a competent recruit of seamen and soldiers. But the merchants, by whom Cabot's squadron was fitted out, would not agree to these requisitions, rather choosing to resign their rights to the crown of Castile. The king then took the whole upon himself ; but was so dilatory in bis pre- parations, that Cabot, who had been five years employed in this expedition, being quite tired out, determined to r:eturn home ; which he accordingly did, embarking the remainder of bis men and all his effects onboard the largest of his ships, and leaving the rest behind him. He ar- rived at the Spanish court, where he gave an account of his expedition, in the spring of 1531. But he was not well received : for be had created himself enemies bv the rigour with which he had treated his Spanish mutineers ; and he had also disappointed the expectations of bis owners by not prosecuting his voyage to the Moluccos. Notwith- standing these unfavourable circumstances, be found means to keep his place, and continued in the service of Spain many years after, till at length he resolved to return agaia to England. What were his particular inducements to this we meet with no certain account, but it was probably about the latter end of the reign of king Henry VUI. that Cabot returned to England, where he resided at Bristol. In the beginning of the following reign he was introduced to the duke of Somerset, then lord protector, who received him into great favour, and by whom he was made known to king Edward VI. That young prince, who was very solici- tous to acquire knowledge, aad who had much more skill in maritime affairs than could have been expected from his years, took great pleasure in the conversatioa of Cabot, to whom a pension was granted, by letters patent, dated

J« e A B R A L.

• i '

j^hipf with which he left Portugal; and having then ?«'<>- ceeded to Calecut, he entered iqto a treaty witl) the 25a- morin or emperor, who allowed him to build a factory fqr , the Portuguese, and although \h^ zamorin behaved treache- rously afterwards, Cabral, by chastising his insolenc<3, finally atchfeved bi$ pu^pqse. H^ entered into a similajr treaty with the prince of Cananor, and in 1501 returned tp ^Portugal vj^ith his fleet rjchly laden. Of bi^ future lifje we ]iave np account, buthp lyrote a detail of his voyage, which 'Ramusio translated ^njto I^lian, ancl published with some others at Venice. *

GACCIA (William), an artist, known by the name of

jMoncalvo, from his long abode in that place^ was born in

.)5iS8 at Montebone, in ]^Iontferrat, and marks perhs^ps^ ^be

]brightest data of Pieipontese art, thpugh lyith l^s^ qelebrity

than merit, for no traces appear of his education : had he

been a scholar of the Caracci, his first essays in frescQ

would have, been made at Bologna, not at the stationary

^chapels of Monte Crea ; his style of design would reseipble

that of Annibale more than xhb ideal line of Ra(faelIo, qr

.Andrea del Sarto, or Parmigiano ; and his landscape have

Jess of Paul Brill. His numerous small Madonna^ breatbe

the spirit of the Roman and Florentine school, and pne iu

the royal palace of Torino seems to have issued from the

hands of Andrea, if we except the colour, which, though

graceful and delicate, has more of the weakness that

marked the tints of Sabbatini and the predecessors of the

Caracci. The powers of Moncalvo were not, however, conr

fined to. soft subjects : the contrary appears in the church

of the Conventuals at that place in numerous instances, and

.still more in a chapel of S. Domenico at Chieri, where the

Hesuscitation of Lazarus, and the Multiplication of the

Loaves, two collateral altar-pieces, vie with each other in

pathetic, imagery, legitimate composition, energy of ex?*

pression and attitude, and correctness of design. He wa?

assisted by several scholars of no very eminent note, but

N. Sacchi of Casale, in energy of varied expression ana

decision of pencil, perhaps excelled the master. His two

daughters Francesca and Orsola Caccia became, under hii

tuition, apt associates of his labours in fresco, a practici^

else unknown to female hands; they drew from the fathe]^

the structure of bodies, but not their animation : and such

■

• Moreri.

C A C C I At a

ni^the similarity of their execution, that to avoid c^nfu* sioh, Francesca, the younger, maric^d her performances' with a small bird, whilst Orsoia distinguished her own bj $1^ flower; she fouTided the Conservatory of the Ursulines at^ Moncalvo, where, and at Casale, she left altar-pieces and* numerous cabinet-pictures, touched in the manner of Paul Brill, and strewn with flowers; A holy family in that taste k anfong the rich collection of the palace Natta. Caccia died about 1 625. ^

CADAMOSTO, or CADAMUSTI (Lewis), a famous Venetian navigator, was born about the year 1:422, and by his talents attracted the notice of the infent don Henry of Portugah This prince, animated with the spirit of making: discoveries^ like his father king Jphn^ resolved to gain the attachment of Cadamosto. He accordingly applied to him^ thirough the consul of the Venetian republic in Portugal^ niCmed Patrick Conti, for information concerning the advan- tageous commerce of the island of Madeira, conquered in 1430. Cadamosto, encouraged by the hopes of profit, came to terms with don Henry, fitted out for him a cara- velte, of which Vincent Diaz, a native of Lagos, was the patron. ^ It sailed the 22d of March, 1455 ; and, after hav-* hig anchored at Madeira, they proceeded to reconnoitne the Canaries, the cape Blanco^ Senegal, cape Verd^ and the mouth x)f the river Gambia, in a second voyage which be made the following. year^ with a Genoese named An-^^ thony^ they prosecuted their discoveries as far as the river of St. Dominic, to which they gave that name, and from whence th^ returned to Portugal. He resided a long time at Lagos, gaining the affection of the merchants, and navi- gators of the place by acts of kindness and civility. On his return io his native country in 1464, he published the ac^ eount of his voyaees, which was published at Vicenza, under the title of "^ La Prima Navigatione per TOceano a l^ terre de Negri delia bassa Etiopia," 1507, 4to,' but the subsequent edition printed at Milan, 1519, 4to, is thought the best. '

:. CADELL (Thomas), an eminent bookseller, and a striking instance of the effects of a strong understanding: united with industry and integrity, was born in Wine-stroet^ Bristol, 6n tlie 27th of October, 1742, O. S. After.being educated ill his native city, he was apprenticed, in .1758^

« - • ■

* ■ ■ • •

« PiUcin^tOfi'sDict » Dicu Hist.— Tiraboschi.

14 C A D E t t.

to Mr. Andrew Miliar, at that time at the he^ of bis f^te^ sion in London, afid the steady patron of Thomson, Field-* ing, and many other celebrated writers. In Mr. Cadell be soon discovered a tftste for business, a love of industry^ and an understanding uncommonly acute> which embraced all the concerns of a trade that necessarily requires more than mere mechanical talents ; and Mr. Millar being now advanced in life readily admitted Mr. Cadell into partner-^ ship in 1765, and in 1767, a year before his death, relin-t quired the whole to him. Mr. Cadell thns became, at a very early period, at the head of his profession, and by associating with himself the late William Straban, esq* secured the advice and assistance of a printer of corre« spending liberality and taste. Introduced at the same time by Mr. Millar to writers of the first .rank in literature, t» Johnson, Hume, Robertson, Warburton, Hurd, &c. he pursued the same commendable track, and acting upon the liberal principles of his predecessor in respect to au« thors, enlarged upon it to an extent, which, at the same time that it did honour to his spirit, was well suited to the more enlightened period in which he carried on business^ In conjunction with Mr. Strahan, already noticed^ and afterwards with his son Andrew Strahan, esq. the present member for Aldborough, munificent remune^tions were held out to writers of the most eminent talents, and^ as Dr. Johnson was accustomed to say, *^ the price of litera*^ ture was raised.^' The names of some of the writers whose works were brought forward under Mr. Cadell's auspices have already been mentioned ; nor was be less fortunate in the judicious connexions formed, upon the most liberal principles, with Blackstone, Bum, Henry, Gibbon, and Hiany others whose works are to be found in every library^ Although in success such as Mr. Cadell experienced, and which must depend ultimately on the pleasure of the piib** lie, chance may be supposed to have some influence, yet it is but justice to add that Mr. Cadell had acquired, by what-M ever means, an uncommon discernment in the value of books, which led him with apparent facility, and almost always with success, to predict the future fate of what was submitted to him ; and when any plan of republication was discussed in conjunction with his brethren, we have the testimony of some yet living, and of mai^ now off the stage, that no man could see more clearly than Mr. Cadell into the disposition and bias of the reading world, or dis«

C A D E L L. IS

play more judgaieiit in every arrBngement of editions, &c calculated to gratify public taste. Hence) in bis indivi^ dual capacity, it was universally remarked that be gave the largest prices for the most successfal works, and that at a time when their success could be only in his own contem<^ platioQ ; and when that success seemed to be delayed be-* youd all reasonable hope, even in such cases the final issue justified bis origins! opinion, and proved that he had formed it u|>on substantial grounds.

In 1794 Mr. Cadell retired from business, in the full possession of his health and faculties, and with an ample fortune corresponding to the magnitude of the (Concerns he had so long carried on, and which were probably the greatest iu Europe ; and wi^ succeeded by bis only aon^ Thomas, and Mr. William Davies, who entered at that time into partnership. Accustomed, however, from his . early days to business, Mr. Cadell senior, with a laudable am-^ bitlon, sought, and most honourably obtained, a seat in the magistracy of the city of London, being unanimously elected, March 30, 171^8, to the office of alderman of WslU brook ward ; and the following year was elected master of the worshipful company of Stationers, whose hall he deco'* rated with a magnificent window in stained and painted glass. At Midsummer 1800, a period when party*spirit ran high, he was elected by a very honourable majori^ on w poll, wiih bis friend Mr* Perring (now sir John Perring, bart.)[ to the shrievalty of London and Middlesex : an office which he discharged with the entire approbation of his consti- tuents< His conscientious attendance on its duties, for he was never absent a single Sunday frcmi the chapel of one o6 tlie prisons, we are sorry to add, seems to have laid the foundation of that asthmatic complaint^ which so fatadly. terminated at a period when the citizens of London, wha justly esteemed him as M independent, humane, and inteU ligent magistrate, anticipated the speedy approach of his attainment to the highest civic honours. A sudden attack of the asthma proved fatal in the night of Sunday, Dec. 27, iS02, to the lasting regret of a numerous circle of friends/ and to th^ loss of many public institutions of wliicb he had been an active governor, and to which he had been a liberal contributor. He was interred in the family vault, in tlie churcb-yard of Elthamy Kent ^

16 CAD O Gf A N

r CADDGAN (William), a physician of considet'able note in London, was educated at Oriel collegCj Oxford, where he. took his degree of master of arts in 1755 ; end the sadie year was made bachelor and doctor ift medicine. He bad previously, viz. in 1750, published a small treatise on the mirsing and management of children, which was much es* teemed, and contributed toward abolishing some improper treatment, both in. feeding and dressing infants; His rules on this subject were first adopted by the managers of the Foundling hospital, and by degrees became general. His next publication was ^^ Dissertations on the Gout, and all Chronical diseases,'^ 1764, 8Vo; written in a- popular mah'^ ner, and so generally read, that several large impressions ivere sold of it. The three principal causes or Mi>urce8 of the gout, he says, are indolence, vexation, and intempe- rance. The book' was animadverted upon in eleven difter*ent pamphlets, some with the authors* names, and some with-* out, but he did not condescend to answer any of them. It is, on the whole, well written, and the regulations giveftf for the conduct of gouty patients, ' with the view of miti-^ gating the fit, and preventing frequent relapses^ or retumsr' of the complaint, are judicious, and well deserving atten-; tion. He was fellow of the college of physicians, and^ which is by no means usual, spoke tw% Harveian orations^' the one in the year 1764, the other in 1793. They were? both published. He died in his eighty-sixth year, at his kouse in George-street, Hanover-square, Feb. 26, 1797.* CADOGAN (William), first earl of Cadogan, the son of Henry Cadogan^ a counsellor at law, by Bridget, dangh-* ter to sir Hardress Waller, knt. was educated to a uiilitary life, and in 1701 was made quarter-master- general of tb^^ army. In 1703 he was constituted colonel of the Second tegiment of horse, and on August 25, 1701', brigadier- general, having that year behaved with great gallantry at the attack of Schellenberg, and the battle of Hocbstet.'*^ In June 1705 he was elected member of parliament for Woodstock; an d- on July 18th of the same year, at the forcing of the French lines near Tirlemont, he behaved with remarkable bravery at the head of his regiment, which first attacking the enemy had such success, that they de<* feated four squadrons of Bavarian guards, drove them'

through two battalions of their foot, and took four standards.

«

> Rees's Cjrclop«dia«"«>LysoDs*8 Environti SopplemenUFyWume.

C A D O G A N^ 17

He wa^ also in the battle of RamilieSy fought on Mqr 12, 1706 ; after which the duke of Marlborough sent from hisr cainp at Meerlebeck, on June 3, brigadier Cadogan, with six squadrons of horse, and his letter to the governor of Antwerp, to invite hioi and the garrison to the obedience of king Charles III. and having reported to his grace that ten battalions were in the city and castle of Antwerp, who seemed inclined to surrender on honourable terms, the duke sent him authority to treat with them. And after some conferences, they complied, and the garrison, con-> sisting of six French and six Spanish regiments, were al« lowed to march out in three days, add be conducted to Quesnoy. But of the Walloon regiment, consisting of 60O men each, only 372 men marched out ; the rest entering into the service of king Charles, except some few who were not in condition to serve, and returned to their re- spective dwellings. Afterwards, towards the close of the campaign that year, he was taken prisoner when on a fo^ raging party, and was carried into Tournay, but he re- mained there only three days, the duke of Vendosme send- ing bim, on August 19, to the duke of Marlborough's camp, upon his parole ^ and five days after he was exchanged for the baron Palavicini, a major*general in the French ser-^ vice, taken at the battle of Ramilies. On Jan. l, 1706-7^ he was promoted to the rank of major-general of her ma- jesty's forces. On Mr. Stepney's decease in 1707, he succeeded him as minister plenipotentiary in the govern- ment of the Spanish Netherlands. And he soon after, in conference, brought to a conclusion the negotiation for the speedy exchange of prisoners<; and, having shared in the most difficult etrterprizes throughout the war, was consti- tuted a lieutenant-general on January 10, 1708-9.

On. September 10, 1709, the day before the battle 6( Tanniers, near Mons, when the two armies were in sight of each other, and an officer from the French having made a signal for a truce, several of both sides met in a friendly manner, and the French, inquiring for an officer of dis^t tinction, desired him to acquaint the duke of Marlborougby that the marshal de Villars bad some affairs of importance to propose to his grace, and that he would be pleased to send a trusty person, to whom he might communicate the same. On *thts his grace sent general Cadogan to knowi what marshal Villars had to offer, whereby being nearec the French army, than otherwise he could have been, hm

YQh. VIII. C

IS C A D 6 G A N;

improved the opportunity so effectnally, that, by viewing their intrenchments in the corner of the wood at TaniHers, he directed the colonel of the artillery, whom he tocA with bim^ to observe where he dropped his glove, and there, in the night, to plant his cannon ; which, by enfiiading their lines the next morning, greatly contributed to the forcing them, and was the principal means of obtaining that vic*- tory. Also on the siege of Mons, which ensued, being (as he ever had been) indefatigable in serving the common cause, and going voluntarily into the trenches to animate the troops that were in the attack of a ravelin, he received a dangerous wound in his neck ; his aid-de-camp being also wounded by his side, of which he soon expired. In March 1711, he was at the Hague, at the desire of the council of state of the States General, to assist in consulting the ope-* rations of the ensuing campaign.

When the duke of Marlborough was disgraced, and went abroad, be resigned all his employments, choosing, as he had a share in his grace's prosperity, to be a partaker in bis adversity ; but first served the campaign, in 1712, under the duke of Ormond. At the accession of George I. vPn August 1,1714, he was made master of the robes, and colonel of the second regiment of foot-guards ; also envoy extraordinary and plenipotentiary to the States General, In 17 1 5, he was appointed governor of the Isle of Wight ; and having extinguished the remains of the rebellion in Scotland, he was elected a knight of the thistle in Jane i7l6, and on the 30th of the same month was created a peer by the title of Lord Cadogan, baron of Reading. His lordship soon after was again sent ambassador extraordi* nary and plenipotentiaiy to the States of Holland ; and arriving at Brussels, on Sept. 15, 1716, signed, «t the Hague, the treaty of defensive alliance between Great Britain, France, and the States General. He set out for Utrecht, on Jan. 2f , 1716, to wait on the king, expected there that afternoon ; who was pleased to command hi» attending him to Great Britain. And Mr. Leatbes, hia Biaje6ty''s secretary at Bruseis, was appointed to reside at the Hague, during his lordship's absence.

On his return, he was sworn of the privy council, on Mtirch 30, 1T17 ; and in the month of July ending, was consHituted general of ail bis majesty^sfoot fordesttmploye4y or to be employed, in his service. The following year h& was again appointed embassador ^(.traordinary at the^'

C A D O G A N. ' !•

Hftgue^ where be arrived on Sept. 17, 1 7 IT; and, having brought his negotiations to a eonclusion, embarked at the Brill for England, on Nov. 7, and put to sea the same eye- fliog. On May 8, 1718, he was advanced to the dignity of Baron of Oakley, viscount Caversham, and earl of Cado«- gan, with remainder of the barony of Oakley to Cbaries his iM'other. He set out for the Hague immediately after, where he arrived May 15, 1718, and on the 1 8th was visited by the public ministers, and by the president of the States General in the name of that body. Ten days after he was at Antwerp, where he conferred with the marquis de Prie, governor for the emperor in the Netherlands, in order to put an end to the difficulties that bad long obstructed th^ execution of the barrier treaty ; and bringing him to com- ply with what was demanded, he returned to the Hague on June 2 following, and communicated to the States his transactions at Antwerp, who appeared sensible of his friendly ofiices, and of the great obligations they were under to his Britannic majesty. And having fixed for his public entry the king his master's birth-day, it was c6n«* ducted with great splendour and magnificence. He theft laboured with great diligence to adjust the difficulties^ which deferred the finishing of the convention for the en- tire execution of the treaty of barrier, and had frequent^ conferences with the Imperial ministers and the Slates General for that purpose.

On Feb. 2, 1720, his majesty's full powers were dis- patched to his lordship, for signing, in conjunction with the ministers of the several allies, the treaty of quadru^^Ie alliance, and with the ministers of the king of Spain, the proper instruments for receiving his catholic majesty'^ ac- ceptance of the terms of peace stipulated in the treaty ; and for treating of a cessation of arms between the several powers engaged in the war ; which was not brought to a conclusion till June 7 following ; when the ratificatronts were accordingly exchanged with the minister of Spain. The duke of Martborough departing this life on June 16^ i72l2, his lordship was, two days afterwards, constituted general and commander in chief of his majesty's forces^ master- general of the ordnance, and colonel of the first yegiment of foot-guards, in room of his grace. Also, on Jane 23, 1723, he was declared one of the lords justices of i^reat Britain during his majesty's absence.

His lordship married Margaretta-Cecilia Munter, daugh-

€ 2

to C A D O G A N.

let of William Mtinter, coonsellbr of the court of HqU land, by his wife Cecilia Trip, of Amsterdam ; and by her left issue only two daughters ; the lady Sarah, married to Charles, second duke of Richmond ; and the lady Mar* garet, married to Charles John count Bentinck, second son to William earl of Portland, by his second wife. His lord- ship dying on July 17, 1726, was buried in Westminster* abbey. Her ladyship survived him till August, 1749, when she departed this life at the Hague, from whence her corpse was brought the next month, and interred by his lordship's in Westminster-abbey. As they left no male issue, the titles of viscount and earl became extinct, and the barony of Oakley devolved on Charles, his brother, second lord Cadogan, who died in 1776.^

CADOGAN (William Bromley), grand nephew. of the preceding, and second son of Charles Sloan Cadogan, third baron, and first earl Cadogan of the. new creation (1800), was born Jan. 22, 1751, at his father's hause in Bru- .ton*street, and was educated at Westminster-school, whence he was removed to Christ church college, Oxford, where he took the degree of B. A. At this university, he distin- guished himself by obtaining several prizes for' classical learning, and by a diligent application to the study of the holy scriptures. In 1774, the vicarage of St. Gileses, Keading, became vacant, by the death of the rev. William Talbot, a very popular preacher of Calvinistic principles, and was conferred on Mr. Cadogan, unsolicited, in the fol^ lowing manner. Lord Bathursjt, who was then chancellor^ called at lord Cadogan's house in Privy Gardens, and de- sired to see him. Lord Cadogan was not at home ; and the servants, seeing lord Bathurst plainly dressed, admitted him no farther than the hall, on the table of which he wrote a note, requesting lord Cadogan to accept the vicarage pf St, Giles's for his son. The offer of so valuable a prefer- ment, and so near to the family seat at Cayersham, was peculiarly acceptable to lord Cadogan : but his son not being in priest's orders, it was held by sequestration till he was ordained priest in 1775. Soon after, he was pre- sented by lord Cadogan to the rectory of Chelsea, but as he could not hold two livings without being a master pf arts, that degree was conferred upon him by archbishop Cornwallis ; and in the following year, being then of suf*

I Collins's Peerage, by Sir £. Brydges.

C A D O G A N. 21

ficient stmnding in the university^ he was regularly ad- mitted to the same degree ot Oxford.

The parishioners of St. Giles's were deeply affected by the death of Mr. Talbot, and equally grieved at the ap- pointment of his successor; and their only hopes were, that as he was a youth of noble family, he would have no incli- nation to do the duties himself, and might, perhaps, con- tinue Mr. Halward as curate, who had been appointed to that office by Mr. Talbot, and was highly acceptable to them. Upon a petition, however, being presented to Mr. Cadogan in favour of Mr. Halward, he rejected it with the strongest marks of disapprobation, and the congregation that usually met in St. Giles dispersed themselves among the dissenting meetings, and some of them went so far as to erect a meeting in lady Huntingdon's connection. On this occasion several letters passed between Mr. Cadogan and Mrs. Talbot, whose house was opened for religious exercises. At first he was highly offended ; but at length* his views of religious doctrines became materially altered, and he attained before his death a popularity equal, or rather superior, to that of his predecessor, and a cor- responding change took place in his manner and habits. He had usually divided his time between Reading and Chelsea; but finding his labours there attended with lit- tle or no success, and having been prevailed upon to let the rectory-house, he left that populous parish to the care of his curate, the rev. Erasmus MiddJeton, except at the season of Lent, and of the monthly sacrament. At Read- ing, besides preaching on Sundays, morning and evening, he preached on Thursday evenings; and on Tuesday even- ings he prayed and expounded the scriptures in his own house; but finding the number of his hearers too large, he removed this instructive exercise into the chancel. He also instituted four Sunday schools, in which upwards of 120 poor children were instructed. These schools he con- stantly attended, encouraging those who made the greatest improvement, by presents of money or books ; and sup- plying every deficiency in the collections of the parishion- ers at his own ex pence. He was usually in his study by six o'clock, and devoted the greater part of his mornings to reading the scriptures in the original languages ; the ' remainder he employed in exercise, or in visiting the sick and poor. He passed much time in secret prayer, and has been frequently surprised on his knees by his servant.

09 C A D O O A N.

when the family bad retired to rest. His generosity and charity were truly great ; nor could an object of distress l>e mentioned to him by any of his congregation without experiencing his liberality. Many clergymen, in circum-^ ^ stances of indigence or s^iction, have received assistance from him, which was conveyed in the most private way. He had great politeness in his manners and behaviour : in bis conversation, the scholar, the gentleman, and the Chris* tian were united. In the pulpit, he endeavoured to reform the sinner, and display to all men the blessings of salva* tion. His voice was not pleasing, but his delivery was forcible ; and he commanded attention by the earnestness with which he impressed iipon his bearers the sublime truths of the gospel. Amidst these Christian duties, Mr« Cadogan was seized on a Thursday evening after his lec« ture, with an inflammation in his bowels, which, after a short interval of relief, proved fatal Jan. 18, 1797.

Mr. Cadogan's publications consist of several single ser« inons preached on various occasions ; and after his death were published ^^ Discourses, &c. Leitters, and Memoirs of his. Life, by Richard Cecil, A.M." 1798, 8vo.*

CiBLIUS (AuRELiANUs), or, as some have called hiroi I^ucius CsbUus Arianus, an ancient physician, and the only one of the sect of the methodists of whom we have any remains, is supposed to have been a native of Sicca, a town of Numidia, in Africa. This we learn from the elder Pliny ; and we might almost have collected it, without any information at all, from his style, which is very barbarous, and much resenibling that of the African writers. It is half Greek, half Latin, harsh, and difficult ; yet strongs masculine, and his works are valuable for' the matter they contain* He is frequently very acute and smart, especially where he exposes the errors of other physicians ; and al- ways nervous. What age Caelius Aurelianus flourished in we caanot determine, there being so profound ' a silence about it amongst the ancients ; but it is very probable that be lived before Galen, since it is not conceivable that he should mention, as he does, all the physicians before him, great as well as small, and yet not make the least mention of Galen. Le Clerc places him in the fifth century. He was not only a careful imitator of Soranus, but arlso a ftrenuous advocate for him. He had read over very dill*

1 Coates's Histoty of Reading.— 'Memoini as above.

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gently the ancient physicians of all the sects : and we are obliged to him for the knowledge of many dogmas, which are not to be found but in his books ** De celeribus et turdis passionibtts." The best edition of these books is that published at Amsterdam, 1722, in 4to. He wrote, as he himself tells us, several other works; but they are all perished. This, however, which has escaped the ruins of time and barbarism, is highly valued, as being the only monument of the Medicina methodica which is extant. He is allowed by all te be judicious in the history and descrip- tion of diseases

. CAESALPINUS (Andkbw), an eminent botanist and physician, was bom at Arezzo, in the district of Florence, in 1519, He was educated under Luke Ghinus, super* intendani of the public garden at Pisa, where he appears to have acquired his taste for botanical pursuits. There abo he was appointed first professor of physic and botany in the university, and afterwards fifst physician to pope Clement VIU. a promotion which required his residence at Rome, where be died in 1603. He described, says Dr. Pulteney, with exquisite skill, 'the plants of his own coun- try, and left an herbarium of 768 species. He extended Gesner's idea, and commenced the period of systematic arrangement. In his ^< Libri XVI de Plantis,** .published in 1583, at Florence, he has arranged upwards of 800 plants into classes, founded, after the general division of the trees from herbs, on characters drawn from the fruit particularly, from the number of the capsules and cells ; the number, shape, and disposition of the seeds ; and from the situation of the corculum, radicle, or eye of the seed, which he raised to great estimation. The orders, or sub- divisions, are formed on still more various relations. On the other hand, the biographer of Linnseus remarks, that, though hi9 genius was inventive, his knowledge of botany was neither original nor universal. He missed both leisure and opportunity. Clusius had discovered more fresh plants than he ever was acquainted with. His herbal did not con- tain nine hundred species, a fact fully proved by the Flo- rentine botanist Micheli, who had it in his possession. A provision of this kind was too small to give a eomprehen- aive view of botany, and the knowledge which Csesalpinus acquired of the internal structure of plants was too defective

1 LeCierc Hist de Med.—Haller Bibl. Med. Pract.

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to point out the most perfect order. He was only directed Vythe fruit, and mostly by that part on whic^ the shoots or germing repose. This system had its defects, but it brought CsBsalpinus much nearer to the truth, and he discovered more real similarities, more natural classes, than all the botanists who preceded, and many who followed him. His specula* tions in anatomy are still more ingenious. He describes very clearly the circulation of the blood through the heart,- and was acquainted with the uses of the valves. Douglas thinks him entitled to equal praise with Harvey, who only com- pleted what he had nearly achieved. He clearly, Douglas- says, diescribes the contraction and dilatation of the heart, which is shewn from the following passage from his fourth' book *' Question urn Peripateiicarum." ** The lungs,'* he says, ^^ drawing the warm blood through a vein (the pul- i»onary artery) like the arteries, out of the right ventricle of the heart, and returning it by an anastomosis to the venal artery (the pulmonary vein) which goes to the left ventricle of the heart, the cool air being in the mean time' l<at in through the canals of the aspera arteria, which are extended along the venal artery, but do not communicate ^ith it by inosculations, as Galen imagined, cools it only by touching. To this circulation of the blood out o^ the' right Ventricle of the heart through the lungs into its left ventricle, what appears upon jdissection answers very w^ll : fbr there are two vessels which end in the right ventricle^ and' two in the left : but one only carries the blood in, the other seltids it out, the membranes being contrived fpr that pur-' prose.'^ His works on the practice of medicine have also their portion of merit. '< Questionum Medicarum Libri' ir. ;" *^ De Facultatibus Medicamentorum Libri duo," Venet. 1593, 4t6; *^ Speculum Artis Medicae HippocraticoB, ex- hlbens dignoscendos curandosque morbos, in quo multa vi-' suntur, quffi a praecls^rissimis medicis intacta relicta erant,'* Lyons, 1601-2-3, 3 ypls. 8vo. *

CiESAR (Julius), the illustrious Ron(ian general and historian, was of the family of the Julii, who pretended- they were descended from Venus by iEneas. The descen- dants of Ascanius son of MneBs and Creusa, and surnamed Julius, lived at Alba till that city was ruined by Tulliis I^ostilius, king of Rome, who carried them to Rome, where

i HMIier and Manget. — Pulteuey's Botany.— StO€Ver'8 Life of Uonsos^ p. $0, — QcB. Diet.— Freheri Theatnun.

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tibey flourished. We do not find that they produced mora than two branches. .The first bore the name of Tuiius, the other that of Caesar. The most ancient of the Csesacs were those who were in public employments in the 1 1th year of the first Punic war. After that time we find there was al- ways some of that family who enjoyed public offices in the commonwealth, till the time of Caius Julius Csesar, the subject of this article. He was born at Rome the 12th of the month Quintilis, year of the city 653, and lost his father anno 669, and the year after he was made priest of Jupiter. Sylla was aware of his ambition, and endeavoured to remove him ; but Cee$ar understood his intentions, and^ to avoid discovery, changed every day his lodgings. He was received into Sylla's friendship some time after ; and the dictator told those who solicited the advancement of young Caesar, that they were warm in the interest of a man who would prove some day or other the ruin of their country and of their liberty. When Caesar went to finish: his studies at Rhodes, unde/ Apoilonius Molo, he was* seized by pirates, who offered him his liberty for thirty, talents. He gave them forty, and threatened to revenge their insults ; and he no sooner was out of their power than he armed a ship, pursued them, and crucified them all,. His eloquence procured him friends at Rome; and the> generous manner in which he lived, equally served to pro* mote his interest. He obtained the office of high priest at the death of Metellus ; and after he had passed through thd inferior employments of the state, he was appointed over^ Spain, where be sigpalized himself by his valour and in* trigues. At his return to Rome he was made consul, and soon after he effected a reconciliation between Crassus and- Pompey. He was appointed for the space of five yearn over the Gauls, by the interest of Pompey, to whom he had given his daughter Julia in marriage. Here he eiv» larged the boundaries of the Roman empire by conquest,, and invaded Britain, which was then unknown to the Ro- man people. He checked the Germans, and soon after had his government over Gaul prolonged to five other years, by means of his friends at Rome* The death of Julia and of Crassus, the corrupted state of the Roman senatje, and the ambition of Caesar and Pompey, soon be« came the causes of a civil war. Neither of these celebrated Romans would suffer a superior, and the smallest matters were sufficient ground for unsheathing the sword. CaesarV

f « ^ M s An.

petitions were receiired with coldness or indifference by the Roman senate ; and by the influence of Pompey, a decree was passed to strip him of his power. Antony, who opposed it as tribune, fled to Ca&sar's camp wjth the news; and the ambitious general no sooner hea^d this, than he made it a plea of resistance. On pretence of avenging the violence which had been offered to the sacred office of tribune in the person of Antony, he crossed the Rubicon, which was the boundary of his province. The passage of tJie Rubicon was a declaration of war, and Csesar entered Italy sword in band. Upon this, Pompey, with all the friends of liberty, left Rome, and retired to Dyrrachium ; dnd C^Bsar, after he had subdued all Italy, in sixty days^ entered Rome, and provided himself with money from the public treasury. He went to Spain, where he conquered Ae partizans of Pompey, under Petreius, Afranius, and Varro ; and at his return to Rome was declared dictator, and soon aifter consul. When he left Rome he went in quest of Pompey, observing that he was marching against a general without troops, after having defeated troops without a general in Spain. In the plains of Pharsalia^ B. C. 48, the two hostile generals engaged. Pompey was conquered, and fled into Egypt, where he was basely mur« dered. Ceesar, after he had made a noble use of victory, pursued his adversary into Egypt, where he sometime forgot his fame and character in the arms of Cleopatra, by whom he had a son. His danger was great while at Alex- aiodria ; but he extricated himself with wonderful success, and made Egypt tributary to his power. After several conquests in Africa, the defeat of Cato, Scipio, and Juba, and that of Pompey's sons in Spain," he entered Rome, and triumphed over five different nations, Gaul, Alexan- dria, Potitus, Africa, and Spain, and was created perpe- tual dictator. But now his glory was at an end, his un- common success created him enemies, and the chiefest of the senators, among whom was Brutus his most intimate friend, conspired against him, and stabbed him in the se- nate house on the ides of March. He died, pierced with twenty-thi^ee wounds, the 1 5th of March, B. C. 44, "in the £ifty.sixth year of his age. Casca gave him the first Wow, and immediately he attempted to make some resistance ; but when he saw Brutus among the conspirators, he sub- mitted to his fate, and fell down at their feet, muffling up Bis mantle, and exclaimi-ng, " Tu quoque Brute !'* Csesar

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Dtitgbt have escaped the svrord of the cdiitpiralor^ i£ b^ bid listened to the advice of his wife Calpurnia, whose dreamsi on the night previous to the day of his murder, were alarming. He also received, as he went to the senate* bouse, a paper from Artemidorus, which discovered the whole conspiracy to him ; but he neglected the reading of what might have saved his life. When he was in his firsfc campaign in Spain, he was observed to g^ze at a statue of Alexander, and even he shed tears at the recollection that that hero had conquered the world at an age in which be himself had done nothing. The learning of Cwsar deserves commendation, as wdl as his military character. He te* formed the calendar. He wrote bis commentaries on the Gallic wars on the spot where he fought his battles, and the composition has been admired for the elegance as well as the correctness of its style* This valuable book was nearly lost; and when Csesar saved bis life in the bay of Alexandria, he was obliged to swim from his ship, with h^ arms in one hand and his commentaries in the other. Be* sides the Gallic and civil wars, he wrote other pieces which are now lost. The history of the war in Alexandria and Spain is attributed to him, and by others to Hirtius. Cffisar has been blamed for his debaucheries and ex* pences, and the. first year he had a public office, his debts were rated at 830 talents, which his friends distcharged i yet, in his public character, he must be reckoned one of the few heroes that rarely make their appearance among mankind. His qualities were such, that in every battle he could not be but conqueror, and in every republic, master; and to his sense of his superiority over the rest of the worlds or to his ambition, we are to attribute his saying, that he wished rather to be first in a little village, than second at Rome. It was after his conquest over Pharnaces in one day, that he made use of these remarkable words, to ex-* press the celerity of his operations, " Veni, vidi, vici.^ Conscious of the services of a man, who. m the intervals of peace beautified and enriched the capital of his country with public buildings, libraries, and porticoes, the senate permitted the dictator to wear a laurel crown on his bald bead ; and it is said, that, to reward his benevolence, they were going to give hiih the title or auttKurity of king all over the Roman empire, except Italy, when be was mur- dered. In his private character, CsBsar has been accused of seducing one of the Vestal virgins^ and suspected of

$S CM SAB.

being privy to Catiline's conspiracy ; and it was his fond- ness for dissipated pleasures, which made his country- men say, that he was the husband of ail the women at Rome. It is said that he conquered 300 . nations, took 800 cities, and defeated three millions of men, one of which fell in the field of battle. Pliny says, that be could employ at the same time, his ears to listen, his eyes to read, bis hand to write, and his mind' to die-* tate. His death was preceded, as many authors mention^ by uncommon prodigies ; and immediately after his death,' a large comet made its appearance. Cassar when young, was betrothed to Cpssutia, a rich heiress, whom he dis« missed to marry Cornelia, the daughter* of Cinna, by whom he had Julia. His attachment to Cornelia was so great, that he never could be prevailed upon by the arts or threats of Sylla to divorce her; but her attachment he baldly preferred to his own personal safety. After her early death, which he lamented with great bitterness of grief, he married Pompeia, the grand-daughter of Sylia; and for bis fourth wife he took Calpurnia, the daughter of the consul Piso, a connection formed from political motives. The best editions of Ceesar's Commentaries, are the mag- nificent one by Dr. Clarke, Lond. 1712, fol. ; that of Cam*- bridge, with a Greek translation, 1727, 4to ; that of Ou- dendorp, 2 vols. 4t09 L. Bat. 1737 ; that of Elzevir, 8vo, L. Bat. 1635 ; that of Homer, London, 1790, 2 vols. 8vo ; and of Oberlin, Leipsic, 1 805, 8 vo. *

CiESAR (Julius), a learned civilian, was born near Tottenham, in Middlesex, in 15S7. His father was Caesar Adelmar, physician to queen Mary and queen Elizabeth; lineally descended from Adelmar count of Genoa, and ad- miral of France, in the year 806, in the reign of Charles the Great. This Csesar Adelmar's mother was daughter to. the duke de Cesarini, from whom he had the name of Csesar ; which name Mary I. queen of England, ordered to be continued to his posterity ; and his father was Peter Maria Dalmarius, of the city of Trevigio in Italy, LL. D-. sprung from those of his name living at Cividad del Friulii Julius, who is the subject of this article, had his education in the university of Oxford, where he took the degree of B. A. May 17, 1 575, as a member of Magdalen hall. Afterwards be went and studied in the university of Paris ; where, ia

' The life of Cesar properly belongs to history, and is detailed at great length ID every Roman histo y, particularly Hooke's and the Universal History. For %$ above sketch we are indebted to Dr. Lempriere.

C iE S A R. ^9

the beginning of 1581, he was created D. C. L. and had letters testimonial for it, under the seal of that university, dated the 22d of April, 1581.. He was admitted to the same degree at Oxford, March the 5th, 1583; and also became doctor , of the canon law. In the reign of queen Eli- zabeth, he was master of requests, judge of the high court of admiralty, and master of St Catherine's hospital near the Tower. On the 22d of January, 1595, he was present at the confirmation of Richard Vaughan, bishop of Bangor, in the church of St. Mary-le-^Bow, London. . Upon king James's accession to the throne, having before distinguished himself by bis merit and abilities, he was knighted by that prince, at Greenwich, May 20, 1603. He was also con- stituted chancellor and under-treasurer of the exchequer ; , and on the 5th of July, 1607, sworn of his majesty's privy council. January. 16tb, in the eighth of king James I. be obtained a reversionary grant of the ofEice of master of the rolls after sir Edward Phillips, knight ; who, departing this life September 11, 1614, was succeeded accordingly by sir Julius, on the 1st of October following ; and then he resigned bis place of chancellor of the exchequer. la ;1613 be was one of the commissioners, or delegates em*- ployed in the business of the divorce between the earl of JEssex and his countess ; and gave sentence for that divorce. About the same time, he built a chapel at bis house,, on the north side of the Strand^ in London, w;hich was conse^* erated, May 8, 1614. As he had been privy-counsellor to king James I. so was he also to his son king Charles I. ; and appears to have been custos rotulorum of the county of Hertford. We are likewise informed by one author^ that he was chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster. After having thus passed through many honourable employment^ and continued in particular, master of the rolls for above twea;ity years, be departed this life April 28, 1636, in the seventy-ninth year of his age. He lies buried in the church of Great St. > Helen's within Bishopgate, London, under a fair, but uncommon monument, designed by himself; being in form of a. deed, and made to resemble a ruffled ' parchment, in allusion to his ofKce as master of the rolls. With regard to his character, he was a man of great gra* vity and integrity, and remarkable for his extensive bounty and charity to all persons of worth, or that were in want : so that he might seem to be almoner->general of the nation. Fuller giv^s the following instance of his uncommon charity : ^^ A gentleman once borrowing bis coach (which was i^jj^

scr e iE 8 A R.

well known to poor people as any hospital in Engiand) was so rendezvouzed about with beggars in London, that it oost him all the money in his purse to satisfy their im-» portunity, so that be might have hired twenty coaches oa the same terms/' He entertained for s6nie time in his ho«ise the most illustrious Francis lord Bacon, viscount St. AU>an*s.' He made his grants to all persons double kindnesses by expedition, and cloathed (as one expresses it) bis very denials in such robes of courtship, that it was not obviously discernible, whether the request or denial were oaost decent. He had also this peculiar tohimself^ that he was very cauCious of promises, lest falling to an incapacity of performance he might forfeit bis reputationf, and multipl^y his certain enemies, by his design of creating uncertain friends. Besides, be observed a sure principle of rising, namely, that great persons esteem better of such they have done great courtesies to, than those they have received great civilities from ; looking upon this as their disparagement, the ot^r as their glory.

Besides sir Julius, Csesar Adelmar had two sons that w^re eminent in their way. His second son, sir Thomas Caesar, was one of the barons of the exchequer* And his third son, Henry Csesar, educated in Baliol college, and St. Edmund Hall, Oxon, became prebendary of Westmin- Bter in the second stall, in September 1609, which be re- signed the latter end of 1625; and dean of Ely in 1614. He died at Ely the 27th of June, I6816, aged seventy- two, and was huried on the nortii side of the presbjrtery of ifae cathedral. He founded two scholarships and two fel- lowships in Jesus coliege, Cambridge, to be elected from the king's free^school at Ely, and gave a noble benefaction to tAie choir, &c. of Ely cathedral, but his nephew and executor having heem prevailed upon to lend the principal money of these benefactions, the whole was lost both to the cathedral and the college.

In December 1757, sir Julius Caesar's collection of ma- nuscripts, which had long been preserved in the family, was sold by public auction by Sam. Paterson. By th^ lapse of time and the decay of the family, they had fallen * into the hands of some uninformed ^persons, and were on the point of being sold by weight tp a cheesemonger, as waste-paper> for the siim often pounds ; but some of them happened to be shewn to Mr. Paterson, who instantly dis* covered their yalue. He then digested a masterly cata«

• C iB S A R. %k

Segue of the whole coUectien, and distributing it ia several thousands of the most singular and interesting heads, caused them to be sold by auction, which produced 356/. Many of them were in the library of the late marquis^ of Lansdowne, and are now, consequently, in the British jnuseum. '

CAGLIARI (Paul), a celebrated artist, called PAUI4 Veronese, the great master of what is called the orna^ vaental style, was born at Verona in 1530, and was tha disciple of Antonio Badile. When young, in concurrency with Batista del Moro, Domenico Brusasoroi, and Paol Farinato, he painted at the summons of cardinal Ercolo Gonzaga,.in the cathedral of Mantua, and left no doubt of his superiority in the contest. He then went to Venice^ and with the procurator Grioiani to Rome, where, from the frescos of M. Aivgelo and RafTael, he acquired the idea of that breadth which distinguishes him in all his aliegorical and my thojcrgic pictures ; and tliough the simplicity inse-^ . parable from real grandeur was not a principle to be courted, by him who aimed at captivating the debauched Venetian eye, he gave proofs, that, if i^^ did not adopt, he had a 9ense for its beauties. The Apotheosis of Venice in the ducal palace, in magnificence of combin^on, loftiness, splendor, variety, offers in one picture the principles an() the elemental beauties of his style. It was, hqwever, less; to. this work, than to his C^ne, or convivial compositions,, that Paolo owed his celebrity* He painted four at Venice, for four refectories of convents, all of enofmous dimedsiona . and equal copiousness of invention. Th^ first, ^ith the ^ Nuptials of Cana, once in the refectory of St. Giorgio Maggiore^ now in the Louvre, and known by numeroua copies, is thirty palms long, comprizies 130 figures, witli a number of distinguished portraits ; and yet was painted, $ays Lanzi, for no more than ninety ducats. The second, better preserved, was painted for the convent of S» Gio- vanni and Pa(»lo, and represents the call of St. Matthew ; |t, is chiefly praised for the character of the heads, which Ricci copied for bis studies at an advanced age. The third, at St Sebastian, is tlie Feast of Simon, which is likewise the subject of die fourth, painted for the refec- tory of the Servi, but sent to Lewis XIV., and placed at Versaillef . Thi9i perhaps, is the master-^.piece of ^he four,

1 Biog. Brit.— Beniham's El/. '

U C A G L I A R I.

though placed in an unfavourable light, and greatly in-^' jured by neglect, and the dampness of the place.

No painter ever was hurried along by a greater torrent of commissions, and no painter ever exerted jiimself with ' greater equality of execution. Light grounds and virgin tints have contributed to preserve the freshness of his pic^ tures : the family of Darius presented to Alexander, in the Pisani palace at Venice, and the S. Giorgio, once at Verona, iiow in the Louvre, have, without the smallest loss of the bloom that tones them, received from time that mellow* ness, that sober hue, which time alone can give. More fixed in a system, and consequently nearer to manner than Titian, with less purity and delicacy ; greyer, not so warm, so sanguine, or so juicy as Tintoretto, Paolo excels both in fascinating breadth of bland and lucid demi-tints; and in his convivial scenes, though thronged with pomp, gor- geous attire, and endless ornament, never once forgets that they were admitted to shew and not to eclipse the actors. The actors were not, indeed, those of the histo-> rian, no more than the costume that of the times, or the ornaments and architecture those of the country. The ostentatioflr of ornamental painting is not to be arraigned at the tribunal of serious history. The humble guests of Cana, the publican forsaking his till, Magdalen at the feet of Christ, travestied into Venetian patriarchs, belles, or nobles, ^wei'e only called upon to lend their names, and by their authority to palliate or flatter the reigning taste or vice of a debauched and opulent public.

This great artist was highly esteemed by all the prin- cipal men of his time ; and so much admired by the great masters, as well his contemporaries as those who sue-* ceeded him, that Titian himself used to say, he was the ornament of his profession. And Guido Reni being asked^ which of the masters his predecessors he would choose to be, were it in his power, after JRaphael and Corregio, named Paul Veronese, whom he always called his Paolino.' He died of a fever at Venice in 1588, and had a tomb and a statue of brass erected in the church of St. Sebastian.

Paul left great wealth to bis two sons, Gabriel and Chs^rles, who were painters, and lived very happily to- gether. They joined in finishing several pieces left im* perfect by their father ; and followed his manner so closely in other works of their own, that the connoisseurs do not easily distinguish them from those of Paul's hand. Charles

C AG LI A HI. S3

h^ H genius for painting, and at eighteen years of age Iikd done some excellent pieces. It is tbQught^ if be bad livedo that he would have exceeded his father ; but coiitracting an imposthume in his breast, by applying too intensely ta his profession, he died of it in 1596, when he was only, twenty-six years old. Gabriel had no great genius for painting; and therefore, after his brother's decease, ap-- plied himself to merchandise. Yet he did not quite lay aside his pencil, but painted a considerable number of portraits, and some historical pieces of good taste* He died of the plague in 1631, aged sixty-three.

There was also Benedict Cagliari, a paipter and sculptor^ who was Paul's brother, and lived and studied with him. He assisted him, and afterwards his sons, in finishing se- veral of their compositions ; but was most successful in painting architecture, in which he delighted. His style in painting was like his brother's; and not b^ing ambi- tious enough of fame to keep his productions separate^ they are, in a great measure, confounded with Paul's. He practised for the most part in fresco ; and some of his best pieces are in chiaro-obscuro. He possessed moreover a tolerable stock of learning, was something of a {)oet| and had a peculiar talent in satire. He died in 1598^ aged sixty-six. ^

CAGLIOSTRO (Count Alexander), a noted impostor, whose true name was Joseph Balsamo, was born at Palermo the 8th of June 1743 ; Peter Balsamo being his father^ and Felix Braconieri his mother, both of humble parentage. He was still a child when his father died ; and was there- fore brought up by the relations of his mother, who caused him to be instructed in the first principles of religion and philosophy, but it was not long before he shewed how little be was disposed to either, by ruuning away more than once from the seminary of St. Roche at Palermo, where he had been placed for education. In his thirteenth year his guar-^ dians delivered him to the care of the general of the friars of niercy, who took him along with him to the monastery of that order at Cartagirone ; where he was entered as a no-*^ vice, and committed to the tuition of the apothecary ; under whom, as he says, he found means of acquiring tiie fijfst elements of chemistry and physic. But neither here

^ Pilkington.^-D'Argenville.— «Sir Joshua Reynolds^! Works. Se« iBdex.-— Itrutt^s Diet, of Engrarers.

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did he mdike any long stay. He continued to shew hibi* self on. his worst side, and his superiors were frequentljl^' Qbliged to give him correction for obliquities in hts cOn-- duct. When, according to the custom of monastic foun-^ dationsy it came to his turn to read during dinner-time^ he never read what was contained in the book, but deli-* vered a lecture according to the dictates of his fancy* He' himself confesses,' that in reading frotti the martyrology^ instead of the names of the holy women, be inserted those' of the most noted courtesans of the town. At length, being weary of repeated chastisement, he thirew off the cowi^ and" went back to Palermo, where for a time be studied draw- ing ; and without ihaking any reform in his manners, '2lA* dieted himself to excesses of every kind. It was bis great- est pleasure to rove about armed, and to frequent the com- pany of the most profligate young men of the tdWn. Thielrfe was no fray in which he was not concerned, and he fert-/ joyed nothing more than when he could resist the magis- trate, and deliver the prisoner from his authdrity. Hfe even stooped to the mean felony of forging the tickets of admission to the thesltres ; and from an uncle, with wfaoni he liv4sd, he stole considerable sums of money and othei^ property. In a l6ve intrigue between 4 peir^on of rank and a cousin of his, he made himself the lett^r-carrierj and occasionally de'tii^nded of the Ibver dt brie time monfey, at another a watchj and always something of f&lue, in the name of the fair one, which he Appropriated to hithseljfl He then insinuated himself into the good graces of ^ no-^ tary, to whom he Was related ; and, for the sake of a bribe, counterfeited a will in favour of a certain niarchese MeEu- rigi; The forger)^ was discovered some years afkerWairdsi and the affair being brought before the judges, was fully proved ; but this was at a time when the persons interested ivere not at Palermo. He was likewise charged with hav- ing murdered a canon, and with obtaining several sums of money from a monk fot giving him written permits of ab-* fience from his convent at various times ; all of which pa* pers were found to be forged. *

For such transactions as these he was several times at- rested and put into prison; but either for want of sufl9ciebt evidence, or from the complicated nature of the busin^ss^ or from the extensive influence of his relations, he as often found means of soon regaining his liberty. At length he was forced to take to flight for cheating a silversmith,

(f A G L BjO S T Jl O. 3*

mned Marwo, of apwards erf Mxty onndies of gold) under pretencjb of shewiivg bim a tretisure hid in a care. On*, bringing BiikLto the place, be began t6 exhibit a variety of fantastidal muinmeries^ an if practising some magical rites^ which terminated in the appearance of tome accomplices df Bfeilaamo,. whoy ih the di^uise of theatrical devils, be*^ labottrad the shoulders of poor Marano. The silversmith, though highly incensed at this infamous treatment, thought it not prudent to have recourse to the law, but resolved to have his revenge bjr murdering the impostor, which being suspected hj. Balsarao, he thought it expedient to remove' to another place.

- from k newspaper of the time of his being arrested at Bame it appears that he was strongly suispected of witchcraft, wkieh smpicion was grounded on two circumstances; The fikoner, ihat^ a«ider pretext of relieving one of his sister^ who was posbesslsd by a devil, he obtained from a country^ vicar^ mmed Bagario, a pledget of cotton dipped in holy oil, though none of his sisters were possessed. - The other tes the appafritioi(i of a lady. It was affirmed, that, being asked i» a certain company, in what attitude and employ -> m^nt the absent lady was at the moment %tiey were speftk- iag of her; Balsamo, to satisfy their curiosity, immediately drew a quadrangle on the floor, atid passing his hands to and fro abuvt^ it, she was fairly seen upon the floor playing at cards with three other persons^ A servant was directly dispatched to the lady's house ; who found her exactly tn the aiititude atid employment with the three friends &s te- presented in the figure.

Balsamo, wbo had quitted his country, Palermo, i^ th^ maaner above mentioned, now began to roam- about tfa6 world. We can here only follow his own account, till Wd flpjeet hkn at Rome, ^ for want of other traces and informa* tiom.. With the money he had procured by his fraud bn the sil^rsmith he travelled to Messina. Here he got ac- ^aiftted vf ith a certain Altotas, a Greek-, or, according td others^ a Spaniard, who was versed in several l-Anguage^: possessed b namber of Arabic writings, and gave himself out for a great chemist. With thi^ tiew friend he took ship, vj^ed' the >Archi|}0lago^ and landed at Alexandria ill Sggrpt, where th^y staid about forty days, diid his feHbit tr^dtkr uiideiiloc^ a variety of chemical operations, and among the rest that of making a sort of silky stuff from hamp and flaac^ by which he got much money. From

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Alexandria tbey firoceeded to Rodiy where they nk^wcMe^ obtained sa^q money by chemical operations. Quitting* tbje isle of Rodi they bent their course to Grand Cairo^ but by contrary winds were driven to Malta, where they re- ijKiained some time, working in the laboratory. of the grand* master Pinto. Here Altotas died ; and Badsamo resolved* to go, in company with a knight to whom he was recom* mended by the grand-master himself, to Naples.

It is impossible by any means to contract the numberless tricks and stratagems of this grand impostor, in almost every part of Europe, within the limits prescribed to the articles of this work. His astonishing ingenuity in every species of fiction and deceit, exceeds all that has been re- corded in the annals of ancient or modern roguery, inso- much that he was held for a real prodigy by every one <o whose ears his fame had reached. His impostures iu each of the places he visited would fill a considerable volume ; and we must content ourselves with adding, that, for some enormities committed at Rome, he was thrown into the* castle of St. Angelo, where he died towards the latter end of 1794; referring such readers as would wish to know more of him to the Italian original, published at Rome by the apostoUcal chamber, under the title of- ^^ Compendium of the Life and Actions qf Giuseppe Balsamo, otheiwise called count Cagliostro, extracted from the documents of the process carried on against him at Rome in the year 1790 " &c. *

, CAGNATI, or CAGNATUS (Marsiuus), of Verona, an eminent physician, was first lecturer in that faculty at 'Rome in the sixteenth century, under the popes Clement VIII. and Paul V. He studied at Padua under Zabarelia, and was a man of great learning, and considered as the head of bis profession. His distinguished merit procured him an invitation to Rome, where he taught philoso^y and medicine, in the college, and was honoured with some considerable appointments. As he was an excellent Greek and Latin scholar, anji conversant with the historians in both languages, his lectures acquired a particular interest from the quotations he occasionally made .in them from these writers. He wrote two books on. the manner of pre- serving health, on diet, exercise, &c. .Rome 1591, and Padua, 1605. He wrote aUo on the inundations of the

1 From tiie last edition of tkii DieiioQary.

CAGNATI. $7

^b^; the'salubpity of the air at Rome, ^[ndemic disorders^ the 24th aphorism of Hippocratesi which be thought had been long misunderstood, and on the cure of fevers as practised at Rome. His knowledge appeared also in his four books of ** Observations," Rome, 1587, inserted af- terwards in the third volume of Gruter*s " Thesaurus Cri'- ticus/' 1604, 8vo.. In 1603 a quarto volume was pub^ Itshed of his ^* Dissertations" on various medical topicsr. He died in 1610.^

• CAIET, or CAYET (Pbtbr Victor Palma), was born in 15125 at Montrichard in Touraine, of a poor family, and was at first a protestant divine, fittached to Catherine of Bourbon, sister of Henry IV. but was deposed in a synod on a charge of practising the arts of magic, and for hciving written a book in favour of public stews. This sentence accelerated his abjuration, which he delivered at Paris in 4595, and died in 1610, at the age of eighty-five, doctor of Sorbonne, and professor of Hebrew in the college royaL Caiet was of a kind and officious disposition, and was so unfortunate as to have for' his enemies all whom he had obliged. His slovenly dress, his manner of life, and tiis absurd attempts to discover the philosopher's stone, drew upon him no less contempt than his learning brought hini respect. Notwithstanding his humble and shabby exterior^ Henry IV. continued to admit him to court, not without wishing, however, to avoid it, which he shewed by pre- senting him with a small estate in the country, a philoso^ phical retreat sufficient to satisfy the ambition of a dcholan The Calvinists, whom he had deserted, endeavoured to expose his principles and conduct, and as after his abjura^ tion he had had a conference with Du Moulin, this was a fresh reason for their animosity. Caiet did not remain silent, but published, in 1603, against Du Moulin, the book emphatically entitled ^^ The fierv Furnace, and the reverberatory Furnace, for evaporating the pretended wa- ters of Siloam (the title of Du Moulin's work), and for strengthening the fife of purgatory." The intimacy be- tween the count de Soissons and the sister of Henry IV* proceeded such lengths, that they ordered Caiet to marry them immediately.. On his refusal to do it, the prince threatened to kill him. *^ Kill me then," replied Caiet ^

* Hfforeri.-^Haller and Manfet.— ^Erytbrci Pinacotbeca.— Diet. Hist.-r-Saxii OnoinatUcon.

I» CAIET.

<' I -had pHich ratker die by tbe k^nd of' pi t»dpc# llH^n by tbs^t pf the hangman.'*

He left behind him seyernl controversial pieces, iiar leif consultj&d than bi$. ^' Ghrotiologie septenpair^/' 160/6, 8vc^ from the peace of Vervins in 1598 to 1604. The reception this work noet with obliged him to add to the history of the peace that of the war that went before it. We have this additional history in the 3 vols, of hi* ** Chrpnologie no- vennaire," 1608, 8vo, from 1589 to 1598. Theabb6 d'Ax- tigny has collected the principal' particulars of it in hi^f " Nouveaux Memoires de Litterature." Dr. Caiet enters into all the details that may furnish amuseoient to curiosity, and matter of reflection to philosophy. In the " Chrono- Jogie septennaire" ar^ contained reUtioi^Sj poems, miani- festos, instructions, letters, pleadings, and other pieces, of which the greater part would have b^en lo<$t to posterity. Besides these public pieces, wfs Und a great number of private anecdotes, unknown to other writers, which tfaft author was enabled to pick up ajt thie court qf Catherine de @ourbon, and that of Henry IV. with whooi be wa3 on a familiar footing. ^

d AJETAN, a cardtnd^ was born in 1 46^, at Csgeta, » town in the kingdom of Naples. JHis proper name was Thomas de Vio, but he took that of Cajetan from the place pf his nativity. He was entered of the order of Dominic, pf which be became an illustrious ornament; and having taken a doctor's degree when be was about twenty-two

?ears of age, he taught philosophy and divinity first at *aris, and afterwards at Rome. He went regularly through all the honours of his order, till he was made general of it; which office he exercised for ten years. He defended the authority of the pope, which suffered greatly at the council of Nice, in a work entitled " Of the Power of the Pope ;'' and for his zeal upon this occasion, was made bishop of Cajeta. Then he was raised to the archiepisco^ pai see of Palermo ; and in 1517 was made a cardinal by pope {^o X. The year after he was sent a legate into Germany, to quell the commotions which Luther had Yaised by his opposition to Leo's indulgences : but Luther, being under the particular protection of Frederic elector 0f Saxony, set him at defiance; and. though, in obedience to the cardinaPs summons, he repaired to Augsburg, yet

1 Geo, Diet, 10 Ca^et^^Morerl^—Dict. Hitt

C A J E T A N. 9»

|;ie refider^ )^» endeayours of poeffqc^ paj^tao indeed wa^ tfajB most improper person that cpqjjl jiaye been se- lected to oppose Luther, having nothing ito advance but the arrogant dicUtes of mere authority. Pe was, however, ippfe advantagpousLy employed in several other negotia- tions ^nd trau^actiQps, being not only a rpan of lettern, but having a peculiar turn for business ; apd at length died, in 1534, when be y^as sixty- five years old.

Sixtus SepeQsis tells us, that he i^§is a most subtle lo-, gician, an ^4i^i^^})^^ pbilo,sQpher, ^ud an it)comparabie divine. He wrote copjmentari.es upon Arjstotle's philo- fophy, and upop ThoB^a^ iVq^inas's theology ; the latter, ho^jireyer, by np means c;^lcu)ated to give us a favourable idea of his log|c, or his perspicuity. He gaye a lUeral translation of ai| the booljLS of the Q14 and New Testaments from the originals, excepting Solomon's Song anci the Pro- gbets, which h^ bad beguu, l^ut did npt )iy^ to proceed far \^; and the ^evelatigms of St. Jp.ho, whiqh.be designedly omitted, saying, that tq e::^p)ain ^hem, it w^ necessary for ^ man to l^e eudqed, pot \yith parts and learning, but with ^e spirit of prophecy. F^er Simon's account of him, af.a tiansl^or of the Bib^e^ is critical and historical: ."Car- dinal Cajptan," says he, ^f was very fpnd of translations pf )be Sibie purely literal; being persuaded, that the Scfip-r |uji;;e poul4 ^9^ ^e translated pqo literally, it. being the word pf ,Qod, to . v^hicb it is exprpssjy forbid either to add or flimip|sh any thing, fl^is cardinijLl, in his- preface to the J^^alpis, largely explains th.e metjiod he observed in his translation of that bo9k ; and he affirms, that although he i:new nothing of the Hebreyir, yet he had translated part of ^he Bible word for wprd from it. Fgr this purpose he H^ade Mi/se of two persons, w^o unders.tQQd the language well, the^ o^ne a Jew, the other a (Christian, .whom he de- sired to t^auslfite . the Hebrew words exactly according to the letter ai^d grammf^-, ^though .their translation mig^t appear to make np sense at all. I oyvn, says he, that my interpreters we-re pft^n sayiog^o me, this Hebre v diction fs literally ' [^p ;. but then the sense, will not be clear unless ^t is cbangied ^p :. to wbpn) (, when I heard all the different signific^M^iop^, cpnstaptly replied, Neyer trouble yourselves .fibpjut the S^^se, if 'ip.49i^9 QOt apf^ieac to you ; because it |a jioty pur business .to, e^^pQupd) but. ito interpret : do you interpret it exactly as it lies, and leave to the expositors the care of making sense of it." 'Cardinal Pallavicini, who

4d C A J E T A N.

looked upon this as too bold, says, that Cajetan, '^ who has succeeded to the admiration of the whole world in his other works, got no reputation by .what he did upon the Bible, because he fallowed the prejudices of those who stuck close to the Hebrew grammar/' But father Simon is .of opinion that he *^ may in some measure be justified : for he did not, says he, pretend to condemn the ancient Latin translator, or the other translators of the Bible ; bnt nvould only have translations of the Bible to be made from the original as literally as can be, because there are only these originals, which can be called the pure word of God ; and because in translations, which are not literal, there are always some things which do not thoroughly express the original." These ^^ Commentaries on the Holy Scriptures,'' if they deserve the name, were published at Lyons in 5 vols. fol. 1639. >

CAILLE (Nicholas Lewis de la), an eminent French mathematician and astronomer, was born atRumigny.in the diocese of Rheims on March 15, 1713. His' father having quitted the army, in which he had served, amused himself in his retirement with studying mathematics and mechanics, in which he proved the author of several in^ ^ mentions of considerable use to the public. From this ex-? ample of his father, our author almost in his itifaticy took a fancy to mechanics, which proved of signal service to him in his maturer years. At school he discovered early tokens of genius. He came to Paris in 1729 ; where he studied the. classics, philosophy, and mathematics, and afterwards divinity in the college de Navarre, with a view to the church, but he never entered into priest's orders, appre- hending that his astronomical studies, to which he had become much devoted, might too much interfere with his religious duties. His turn for astronomy isoon connected him with the celebrated Cassini, who procgred him an apartment in the observatory ; where, assisted by the coun- sels of this master, he soon' acquired a name among the astronomers. In 1739 he was joined with M. Cassini de Thury, son to M. Cassini, in verifying the meridian through the whole extent of France ; and in the same year be was named professor of mathematics in the college of Mazarine. Jn 1741 oar author wai| admitted into the academy Of . sciences as an adjoint member for astronomy ; and ha4

1 Moreri and Diet. Hist, in yio.-i-Mo8heiin. — ^XHirio*

C A I L L E. 41

many excellent papers inserted in their memoirs ; beside ivhich he published several useful treatises, viz. Elements of Geometry, Astronomy, Mechanics, and Optics. He also carefully computed all the eclipses of the sun and moon that had happened since the Christian ssra, which mere printed in the work entitled ** UArt de verifier les dates,*! &c. Paris, 1750, ito. He also compiled a volume of astro- nomical ephemerides for the years 1745 to 1755;. another for the years L755 to 1765 ; and a third for the years 1765 to 1775 ; as also the most correct solar tables of any ; antd an excellent work entitled ^^ Astronomiae fundameuta no^- yissimis solis et stetlarum observation ibus stabilita."

Having gone through a seven years series of astronomical

observations in bis own observatory in the Mazarine college,

he formed the project of going to observe the southern

stars at the Cape of Good Hope. This expedition being

countenanced by the court, he set out in 1750, and in the

space of two years he observed there the places of about

ten thousand stars in the southern hemisphere that are not

visible in our latitudes, as well as many other important

elements, viz. the, parallaxes of the sun, moon, and some

of the planets, -the obliquity of the ecliptic, the refractions,

&c. Having thus executed the purpose of his voyage, and

no present opportunity offering for his return, he thought

of employing the vacant time in another arduous attempt;

no less than that of taking the measure of the earth, as he

bad already done that of the heavens. This indeed had been

done before by different sets of learned men both in Europe

and America ; some determining the quantity of a degree

at the equator, and others at the arctic circle : but it had not

as yet been decided whether in the southern parallels of

latitude the same dimensions obtained as in the northern.

His labours were rewarded with the satisfaction he wished

for; having determined a distance of 410,814' feet from a

plaee .called KUp-Foutyn to the Cape, by means of a base

^f S8j802 feet, three times actually measured : whence he

discovered a new secret of nature, namely, that the radii

Ojf the parallels in south latitude are not the same, length

as thos^e of the corresponding parallels in north latitude*

About the 23d degree of south latitude he found a deglree

on the meridian to contain 342,222 Paris feet. The court

of Versailtes.also sent^biq^ fm order to go and fix the situ-

f^tion pf the Isles of France and qf Bourbon. While at the

i^ape too he observed a vybnderful effect of the atmosphere

#♦ C A L A M Y.

ittinister of St. Mary Aldermanbory, which brought him tip^ to LoDdon,' 16S9. The controversy coucerning church- gchremment was then at its greatest height, in which Mr*. Calamy had a very large share. In the ' month of July 163^, he was incorporated of the university of Oxford^ which, however, did not take him off from the party in which he was ejigaged. In 1640 he was concerned in writing that famous book, called Smectymnuus, which himself says, gave the first deadly blow to episcopacy, and therefore we find frequent references to it in all the de^^ fenc^ and apologies for nonconformity which have been since published. In 1641 he was appointed by the house of lords a member of the sub-committee for religion, whieb consisted of very eminent divines, whose conduct, how-^ ever, has been differently censured. He made a great fi^ gure in the assembly of divines, though he is not n>en^' tioned in Fuller's catalogue, and distinguised himself both hy his learning and moderation. He likewise preached several times before the house of commons, for which his Memory has been very severely treated. He was at the same time one of the Corn hill lecturers, and no man had a greater interest in the city of London, in consequence of bi& ministerial abilities. He preached constantly in his own parish church for twenty years to a numerous au-^ dience, composed of the most eminent citizens, and even persons of great quality. He steadily and strenuously op-- posed the sectaries, and gave many pregnant instances of bis dislike to those violences which were committed after- wards, on the king's being brought from the Isle of Wight. He opposed the beheading of his sovereign king Charles I. with constancy and courage. Under the usurpation of Gromwell he was passive, and lived as privately as be could ; yet he gave no reason to suspect that he was at all a well-wisher to that government. When the times af- forded a favourable opportunity, he neglected not pro-* moting the return of king Charles II. and actually preached before the house of commons on the day they voted that g^reat question, which, however, has not hindered some from suggesting their suspicions of his loyalty. After this step was taken, he, Mr. Ash, and other eminent divines, were sent over to compliment the king in., Holland, by whom they were extremely well received. When his ma- jesty was restored, Mr. Calamy retained still a considerable ^lare in bis favour, and in June 1660,' was appointed one-

CALAMY. *»

•f his chaplains in ordinaiy, aiid was offered the bi^hop-^ ric of Coventry and Litchfield, which he refused. Whettf the convocation came to be chosen, he and Mr. Baxter were elected. May 2, 1661, for Loudon; but the bishop of that diocese having the power of chasing two out of four, or- four out of six, elected within a certain circuit:. Dr. Shddon, who was then bishop, was so kind as to ex^' cuse both of them; which, perhaps, was owing to the share they had in the Savoy conference. After the mis- carrying of that design, Mr. Calamy made use of all his interest to procure the passing of an act agreeable to the king's declaration at Breda : bat when this was frustrated^ and the act of uniformity passed, he took a resolution 06 ^bmitting to ejection, and accordingly preached his fare*- wel sermon at Aldermanbury, August 17, 1662. He made^ however, a last effort three days afterwards, by presenting a petition to his aiajesty to continue in the exercise of hisi ministerial office. This petition was signed by many of the London clergy, and Dr. Manton and Dr. Bates assisted at the poesenting it, when Mr. Calamy made a long and moving speech ; bat neither it nor the ' petition had any good effect, though the king expressed himself in favour of toleration. He remained, however, in his parish, and came constantly to church, though another was in the pulpit, which proved an occasion of much trouble to him ; for on December 28, 1662, the expected preacher not coming in time, some of the principal persons in the parish prevailed upon Mr. Calamy to supply his place, which, with some importunity, he did ; but delivered himself with such freedom, that he was soon after, by the lord mayor's warrant, committed to Newgate for bis sermon. But the ease itself being thought hard, and some doubt arising how far the commitment was legal, his majesty in a few days discharged him. He lived to see London in ashes, the sight of which broke his heart. He was driven through the rains in a coach to Enfield, and was so shocked at thedis- oial appearance, that he could never wear off the impres- sion, but kept his chamber ever after, and died October 29, 1666, within two months after this accident happened. He was, though a veiy learned man, yet a plain and prac- tical preacher, and one who was not afraid to speak hi^ .sentiments freely of and to the greatest men *. He was

* Dr. Calamy tells «8« that our author, greatest ii^terest in court, city, aod tkithe tim« of th« RestoratioQj had the couatry, «f .any of the ministers, and.

46

C A L A M Y.

twice married. By his fiit^t wife he bad a $ oo arid daugbie^} and by bi& second seven childteii, sodie of lAiom W^ $ba\\ have occasion to mention in suceeeding atticles. ?

Besides th^ piec^ already mentioned, Mr. Calaniy p«b« lished several single sermons pre!ached on different occ^^ sions^ and fiye sermons entitled /^ The Godly Man's Ark/ or a city of refuge in the dajr of bis distress/' the eigbib ^ition of which W2M5 printed ftt London, 16SS, in 121110^ He had a hand in drawing up the ^^ Vindication of the Pres« by terian Government and Ministry/' London, 1650; and the ^^ Jus Divinum Ministerii Evangeliei Anglicani," printed in 1*654. Since his death,, there was a treatise of Meditft'^ tion printed in a clandestine way, not by his son, nor fr<N» his manuscript, but from some impeirfect notes tak^i by an auditor. '

. CALAMY (EDMUND)i elde$t son of the preceding, waft born at St. Edmund' s-Bury^. in S^affdlk, about the year 1635. In his jurfior years he was carefully instructed b^ his father, and. when he had acquired a sufficient fund ot teaming, he wits transferred to the university of Cambridge, where he wb& entered of SEdney college^ Mbreh<28^ 165 U He took the de^s;Tee of bachelor 0f arts in 1654-5. Thteft he removed to Pertibroke-hajl, where he took tii^ degree of master of artfii in 1658. He became afterwards feUo#' of that eoUege ; and on April 20, 165d, was presented to the living of Moreton in Essex, which be held tiU be w«i iremoved by the act of uniformity in 1662. After his eject* ment he retired to London, and kept a meeting prUately in his house in Aldermanbury. When Charles II. poblished his declaration for indulgence, he set up a. public meetii^ in Curriers-hal), near Gripplegate. Biit when the dissen- ters were again persecuted, he had recourse to his formef method ; and thoUgh he was very assiduous in his duty, yet he escaped imprisonment, nbtwitbstanding warranti were frequently out against him ; but he had the misfor- tune, with several other of his brethren, to fall under tt crown-office prosecution, which put him to a great deal of

therefore, was extremely caressed at first ; bat he sobn saw ivbithsr things were tending. Among other evidences of it this ,is one : That having general Monk for. his auditor in his own church, A little after the Restoration, on a sa- crament-day, he had occasion to speak of ^i% lucres " And why," said he,

«

is it called Jilihy, hut because it inaktiS then' do ba^b ^ti^ Jilihy things t Some men,'' Said hfr, « wiH betr»^ three kingdoms iov filthy lucre's sake." Saying which, he thi^w his handker- chief, which he nsnaUy Wared np And down while he was preaching, toward* the general's pew.

> Biog; Brit.«^mlaffly'8 Liyes^ fcc.

C A L A M Y- 47

trouble and expence. As be was a person of mucb leai-n-. ing and unaffected piety, so he was very careful to avoid whatever might draw upon him the imputation of party. }n the earlier part of life he declined takihg the cotenant^ and through the whole course of it lihewed a spirit of mo-^ deration and charity agreeable to his calling. He w6^j though a tionconformist, a man of very free notiotis, ana one who never pretended to confine the church of Christ within the bounds of any particular sect. He had a great contempt for the goods of this world, and was Such a loveir of obscurity and retirement, that though he was a veiy able preacher, and was known to have done much good in th^ qjace of three .and twenty years that he exercised the ministry in London, yet he would never be prfevailed oh id appear in print, but satisfied himself with the conscious* nests of having performed his duty. Having thuA led h private and peaceable, though not ^ quiet life, he etchah^ed it for a better in the month of May 1685, being laket^ off by a consumption. He left behind him a son and foUir daughters. ^

CALAMY (Bknjamin), an eminent divihe of thfe fchlirt-ft of England, was the son of Mr. Edmund Calaniy^ inihUtek^ of Aidertiianbury befote-menlioned, by a second wife^ and received the first tincture of learning at St. Pftur§ sbhool^ from whence he was sfent, when very young, to the uniVer** stty of Cambridge, and there (entered of Catberihe-hall.' In 1664-5, he took the degree of bachelor of artis; in 1668, that of tnaster of and, and became also fellow df that hall, and a very emiiieht tutor there. April 25, 1677, he was chosen in the room of Dr.. Simon Ford, minister of St; Mary Aiderttanbury ; and soon after appointed one of hii majesty's chaplains in ordinary. In 1680, he took his de- gree of doctor in divinity. In 1683, he preached in that church his feiiions sermon, which he afterwards published under the title of "A Discoursie about a jScrupulous Con- science,^* than which no piec^ df its kind or size gained nibre credit to its author^ of was morts taken notice of by the public. This iertnon he plieacbed a second tim^ iL% Bow church with great effect, and this csxcited a eealou^ noncdnformi^ dtie Mr. Thomas pe Lauhe, who had beth forrnerty a schoolmaster, to write against it ; which he did in such a manner as drew upon him a fatal iiUprisoniiient,

1 Bioy. ferit. — CaUmy*! Lives, he.

• »

4f C A t A M Y.

ivhich he endeavoured by all means to ascribe to D^. CJa/ lamy, though his complaints on. this head had little or no foundation. In 1683^ Dr. Calamy was admitted to the vicarage of St. Lawrence Jewry, with St. Mary Magdalen Milk-street annexed, to which he was collated by the dean and chapter of St. Paul's^ in the room of Dr. Benjamin Whichcot. June 18, 1685, be was, on the decease of Dn John Wells, installed into the prebend of Harleston, in the cathedral church of St. Paul. These preferments are abundant proofs of his merit, and of his great interest in the city of London, which he maintained, not by attaching himself to any party, but by living in great intimacy with the best men of all parties. He was particularly acquainted with alderman Cornish, whp was his parishioner, and for whom he had so great a respect, that he gave testimony in . kis favour when. he was tried for high-treason, October 16, 16S5, which was no ordinary mark of friendship in those times. It is thought, that a sense of public calamities had a great share i\^ bringing his last illness upon our author, who fell into a declining state in the autumn of the year last mentioned^ and died of a pleuritic fever in the month of January 1.686. He was a man equally valuable for the abilities which he possessed, and the uses ,to which he applied them. He was a sincere son of the church of Eng- land, and very intent on gaining over dissenters of all sort9 to her communion ; and had an extensive charity, and a just aversion to persecution. He was heartily loyal, but without bitterness or passion ; and his loyalty occasioned his grief, when he saw those steps taken which could end in nothing but public confusion. His own virtues, how-*' ever, exempted him in a great measure from envy and scandal, even in the worst of times; insomuch, that the greatest men of all sects and all parties readily joined m paying a just tribute of praise to his memory. Though few in his situation were either better or more frequent preachers, yet he left behind him very little in print. Some sermons of his were after his decease, published by hiB brother, which served only to raise a great regret in the world, as that so many more of his excellent performances were buried in oblivion. His sernions are still valued as well for the beauty of their language as the excellent sen^ timents contained in tbeni.^*

^ Biog. Brit.-^Faiieral Sermon by Sherlock.

C A L A ft| Y. 49

6 ALA MY j[ James), son to Edmund Calamy, B. D. be- fore-mentioned, by a second wife, and younger brother to Dr. Benjamin Calamy, of whom in the preceding article, was educated at Catherine-hall, in the university of Cam- bridge, where, in 1672, he took the degree of bachelor of arts ; and in 1676, that of master. Having received holy orders, and being highly considered on account of his fa- ther's reputation, he was presented to the rectory of Nor- thill, in Bedfordshire, where he continued till 1707, when he was presented by his intimate friend Df, Blackall, bishop of Exeter, to that of Cheriton-Bishops in Devon- shire ; and had at the same time a prebend in the church of Exeter bestowed on him. He was a man of great learn- mg, but much greater modesty, which is the reason that he left nothing behind him in print, except his dedication of his brother's/ sermons. He led a sinorle life, and on December 14, 1714, was surprised by a sadden death.*

CALAMY (Edmund), a very eminent divine among the nonconformists, grandson to Mr. Edmund Calamy, minister of Aldermanbury, by his eldest son Mr. Edmund Calamy (who was ejected out of the living of Moreton in Essex, on St. Bartholomew's day, 1662), was born April 5, 1671. Having made a considerable progress in grammar learning at several private schools, and under Mr. HartclifFe at Mer- chant Taylors, where he contracted a close friendship with Mr. Dawes, afterwards sir William Dawes, and archbishop of York, as also with Mr. Hugh Boulter, the primate of Ireland, he went through a course of logic, natural philo- sophy, and metaphysics, under the tuition of Mr. Samuel Craddock at the academy kept by him at Wickham Brook in Suffolk. In March 1688, he went over to the univer- sity of Utrecht, where he studied philosophy under Da Vries, and civil law under Vander Muyden, and attended Grsevius^s lectures upon Sophocles and PufFendorf's In- troduction. His application to his studies at this place was so great, that he spent one whole night every week among his books; and his proficiency gained him the friendship of two of his countrymen at that university, who rose afterwards to very high stations in church and state, lord Charles Spencer, the famous earl of Sunderland, and his tutor Mr. Charles Trimnell, afterwards successively bishop of Norwich and of Winchester, with both of whom

» Bioff. Brit

VouVIII. E

60 C A L A M Y.

he kept up bis acquaintance as long as he and they lived* Whilst he resided in Holland, an offer of a professor's chair in the university of Edinburgh was made him by>Mr. Car- stairs, principal of that university, sent over on purpose to find a person properly quaUfied for such an office ; which he declined, and returned to England in 1691, bringing with him letters from Graevius to Dr. Pocock, canon of Christ-church, and regius professor of Hebrew, and to Dr. Edward Bernard, Savilian professor of astronomy, who ob- tained leave for him to prosecute his studies in the Bodleian library; and his residence at Oxford procured him the ac- quaintance of the learned Mr. Henry Dodwell. Having resolved to make divinity his principal study, he entered into an examination of the controversy between the xon- formists and nonconformists, and was led tp join the latter. Coming to London in 1692, he was unanimously chosen assistant to Mr. Matthew Sylvester at Blackfriars ; and on June 22, 1694, was ordained at Mr. Annesley's meeting- house in Little St. Helen's, which was the first public trans- action of the kindi after the passing of the act of unifor- mity, and was not undertaken without some timidity on the part of the elder nonconformists, such as Mr. Howe and Dr. Bates, who seemed afraid of giving offence to go- vernment. Six other young ministers were ordained at the same time, and the ceremony lasted from ten o'clock in the morning: to six in the evening. He was soon after invited to become assistant to Mr. Daniel Williams in Hand-alley, Bishopsgate-street. Oct. 20, 1 702, he was chosen one of the lecturers at Salters'-hall, and in 1703 succeeded Mr. Vincent Alsop, as pastor of a congregation in West- ' minster. He drew up the table of contents to Mr. Baxter's History of his life and times, which was sent to the press in 1696, made some remarks on the work itself, and added to it an index ; and reflecting on the usefulness of the book, he saw the expediency of continuing it, for Mr. Baxter's history came no lower than 1684. Accordingly he composed an abridgment of it ; with an account of many others of those ministers who were ejected after the resto- ration of Charles H. their apology for themselves and their adherents ; containing the grounds of their nonconformity and practice, as to stated and occasional communion with the church of England ; and a continuation of their history till the year 1691. This work was pubHshed in 1702, The t'ollowing year Mr. Hoadly (afterwards bishop of Winches-

C A L A M Y. «l

ter) published the two parts of his '' Reasonableness of Conformity to the Church of England, &c. in answer to Mr. Calamy's Abridgement of Mr. Baxter's history, &c." As a reply to these treatises, Mr. Calamy published the same year, " A Defence of moderate Nonconformity ;" and soon after Mr. Hoadly sent abroad, ^' A serious -admonition to Mr. Calamy,'' occasioned by the first part of his ^^ Defence of moderate Nonconformity."

Next year Mr. Calaipy published the second part of bis ** Defence of moderate Nonconformity ;" with an answer to Mr. Hoadly's Serious Admonition. In 1705 he sent abroad the third part of his Defence ; to which was added, ** A letter jto Mr. Hoadly, in answer to his Defence of the Rea- sonableness of Conformity." In 1707 Mr. Hoadly pub- lished his Defence of Episcopal Ordination ; and Mr. Calamy drew up a reply, both to the argumentative and historical part of it, but forbore printing it, as he tells us himself in his abridgment of Baxter's life, that he might not give his antagonist any disturbance in the pursuit of that political contest, in which he was engaged. In 1709 Mr. Calamy made a tour to Scotland, and had the degree of D. p. conferred on him by the universities of Edinburgh, Aberdeen, and Glasgow. In 1713 he published a second edition of his Abridgment of Mr. Baxter's history of his life and times; in which, among other aciditions, there is a continuation of the history through king William's reign, and queen Anne's, down to the passing of the occasional bill ; and in the close is subjoined the reformed liturgy, which was drawn up and presented to the bishops in 1661 ; ^' that the world may judge (he says in the preface) how fairly the ejected ministers have been often represented as irreconcileable enemies to all liturgies." In 1718 he wrote a vindication of his grandfather and several other persons, against certain reflections cast upon them by Mr. archdea- con Echard in his History of England; and in 172S ap- peared his continuation of the account of the ministers, lec- turers, masters, and fellows of colleges, and school-masters, who were ejected and silenced after the restoration in 1660, by, or before the act of uniformity. He died June 3, 1732, greatly regretted, not only by the dissenters, but also by the moderate membets of the established chur(?h, both clergy and laity, with many of whom he lived in great in- timacy. Mr, Daniel Mayo, by whom his funeral sermon w^s preached, observes, ** that he was of a candid and be-

¥. 1

52 C A L A M Y.

nevolent disposition^ and very moderate with regard to differences in point of religion." Besides tiie pieces already mentioned, iie published a great many sermons on several subjects and occasions, particularly a vindication of that celebrated text, I John v. 7, from being spurious, and an explanation of it on the supposition of being genuine, in four sermons, preached at the Salters^-hall lectures. He was twice married, and had thirteen children.

Dr. Calamy left behind him a MS. in 3 vols, folio, en- titled " An historical account of my own life, with some reflections on the times I have lived in." Some account is given of this MS. in the Biog. Britannica, by Dr. Kippis, who was favoured with the perusal of it by the author's grandson Edmund Calamy, esq. barrister at law ; but there does not appear to be much in it that would now be thought interesting. His most valuable work is undoubtedly his Lives of the Nonconformists, to which, whatever objec- tions may be offered to individual passages, every student of English biography must acknowledge his obligations. An abridgment of this work, in 2 vols. 8vo, under the title of " The Nonconformist's Memorial,'* was published by the rev. Sam. .Palmer .of Hackney, in 1775, and republished, with additions, in 1802, 3 vols. 8vo. ^

CALANUS was an Indian philosopher who followed Alexander the Great in his expedition to the Indies. Being tormented with the colic after passing eighty-three years in health, he petitioned the conqueror to cause a funeral pile to be erected whereon he might finish his days according to the custom of his country. That prince, who loved and esteemed him, reluctantly yielding to his entreaties, or- dered his army to range itself in order of battle round the funeral pile. Calanus, crowned with flowers, and magni- ficently habited, ascended the pile with a tranquil and composed countenance, saying as he went up, that ^^ hav- ing lost his health, and seen Alexander, life had nothing more to interest him." He bore the action of the fire without discovering any signs of uneasiness or pain ; and, on being asked if he had nothing to say to Alexander ?— - ** No," returned the philosopher, " I reckon soon to receive him at Babylon." The hero dying three months after- wards in that city, thfe brachman was thought to have been a prophet ^ a circumjstance which added not a little of the

> Biog. Brit»— Funeral Sermon by Mayo.

C A L A N U S. 53

marvellous to his history. Calanus's death took place in the fourth year of the 1 13th Olympiad, or 325 B. C. '

CALASIO (Marius) was a Franciscan^ and professor of the Hebrew language at Rome, but we have no other in- formation respecting his personal history. He p.biished at Home in 1621, a '^Concordance of the Bible," which consisted of four great volumes in folio. This work, which is properly a concordance of Hebrew words, has been highly approved and commended by both papists and pro* testants. Besides the Hebrew words in the Bible, which are in the body of the book, with the Latin virrsion over against them, there are in the margin the ditiFerences be* tween the Septuagint version and the Vulgate; so that at one view may be seen wherein the three Bibles agree, and wherein they diiFer; and at the beginning of every article there is a kind of dictionary, which gives the signi- fication of each Hebrew word, and affords an opportunity of comparing it with other oriental languages, viz. with the Syriac, Arabic, and Chaldee; which is extremely useful for determining more exactly the true meaning of the Hebrevt words. The plan of this Hebrew concordance was takea from a concordance of rabbi Nathan, which was pnnted first at Venice, iand afterwards at Basil, much augmented by rabbi Mordochee. Calasio's concordance was published in London by Romaine, Rovve Mores, and Lutzena, a Portuguese Jew, 1747, 4 vols, folio; but very incorrectly, as it is said ; and the fidelity of the principal editor, who was a follower of Hutchinson, has upon that account been suspected, probably without justice, but it is certain that the learned give the preference to the old edition. *

CALCAGNINI (Crlio), a canon of the church of Fer- rara, and a poet and orator of considerable distinction, was born at Ferrara in 1479, and, as generally supposed, was the natural son of a person who was an apostolic ro-^ tary. He studied under Peter Pomponazzo, but devoting himself to a military life, served under the emfieror Maxi« xnilian. He afterwards engaged in the service of Julius IL ' and was endployed in several important negociations. Re- turning to Ferrara, he obtained the particular favour of the family of Este, and was chosen to accompany the cardinal Ippolito on his journey into Hungary. About the year 1520, he was appointed professor of the belles lettres in

1 Moreri.— •Bruckert— Qaintuf Curtiuf • * Moreri.-— Diet. Hist.

S* CALCAGNINL

the unirersity of Ferrara, which situation he 611ed with great credit untii his death, in 1541. He was interred in the hbrary of the Jacobins, to which he bequeathed his books, and on «yhich are two inscriptions to his memory, one signifying that ^^ by continual study, he had learned to despise earthly things, and not to be insensible of his own ignorance," fignorantiarn suavi non ignoi^are.J His works were published at Basil in 1541, one vol. folio, or accord- ing to Moreri, in 1544, and contain sixteen bo4»ks of epis- tles, and philosophical, political, and critical dissertations on various subjects, and he also wrote some Latin poetry, which the critics of his time prefer to his prose, the latter being heavy, unequal, and affected ; his poetry was pub- lished with the poems of John Bapttsta Pigna and Louis Ariosto, at Venice, 1553, 8vo. He appears to have cor- responded with Erasmus, whom, like many others, he hlamed for his undecided character in the questions which arose out of the reformation. '

CALCAR, or KALKAR (John), a historical and por- trait painter, was born at Calcar, a city ofOleves, in 1499, and was the principal disciple of Titian ; and by the pre- cepts of that great master, made such progress, that several of his designs and paintings have been accounted, by very sufficient judges, the work of Titian's own hand. Even Goltzius himself, when at Naples he was examining some of Calcar's portraits, was of opinion they were Titian's, nor could he be undeceived till he saw the name of Calcar in- scribed on others, which were equally excellent. It is also affirmed by Sandrart, that he imitated the works of Ra- phael with such exactness, as to deceive the connoisseurs. Vasari, who knew hiip at Naples, says that it is impossible to observe in the works of this master, the smallest traces of the Flemish taste. He designed all the beads for the works of Vasari, and the' anatomical figures in the works of Vesalius. Rubens possessed a most capital picture by Calcar, a nativity, afterwards purchased by Sandrart, and * sold by him to the Emperor Ferdinand. Calcar died in 1546.«

CALDARA. See CARAVAGGIO. ' CALDERINUS (Domitius), a man of great learning in the fifteenth century, was bom at Torri sul lago, in 1445.

1 Moreri.— Diet. Hist. — Rotco«'i Leo.— Paul Joyius, who gires a rary ai^ flilroarabl^ account of X^alcagniifi, % Pilkiogtoq,

N

C A L D E R I N U S. 5p

•Sacfa was fais early reputation, that at the age of twenty- four he was invited by Paul II. to take upon him the office of public lecturer on the belles-lettres at Rome ; and Sixtus IV. appointed him apostolic secretary. After a short life /

of incessant study and literary warfare, he was cut o(F by a fever in 1477, when only thirty-two years of age. To him is attributed the praise of having first pointed out and ex- emplified the true method of elucidating ancient authors, by combining with verbal criticism, the lights of antiquity and general erudition. The literary reputation of Cal- derinus procured him many rivals during his life-time, as George Merula, Aurispa, Aug. Sabinus, Nic. Perottus, Trapezuntius, &c. and it is certain that Politian draws his character with much more blame than praise. Of his ta- lents, indeed, his application and skill in Latin, Politian speaks in handsome terms, and acknowledges that his pro- ficiency in Greek was not inconsiderable ; but adds, that he was so vain of his own talents, and so tenacious of any opinion he had once adopted, as to adhere to it in open defiance of conviction and truth. The style of his compo- sitions is haughty, contemptuous, and overbearing ; he cavils on every trifling pretext, and attacks all without discrimination. These were propensities which involved him in numberless disputes with the learned of the day. Yet while he was the object of undisguised hatred to per- sons of this description, such was his authority in letters, that even in his youth be carried away the palm of ce- lebrity from all the Roman professors. Politian adds more to the same purpose, which may be seen in our authority ; on the other hand, the learned world are under unquestion* able obligations to Calderinus, and probably, had he lived longer, he would have corrected that vivacity of passion which involved him so often with his contemporaries. > Among his works, is an ample Commentary on Martial, Venice, 1474, fol. ; another on Juvenal, ibid. 1475, fol. The edition of Virgil of 1492, has some notes of his ; and , he commented on Ovid's Metamorphoses, Persius, and Ca- tullus. His notes " In Ibih" were published at Venice, 1485, and on the " Sylvae" of Statins, Brixiae, 1476, with a dissertation on the letter of Sappho, and another on the most difficult passages of Propertius, addressed to Francis of Arragon, son of Ferdinand, king of Naples. *

1 Gen. Diet.— CirttwelPs Politian.— 'PaulJorius in Elogiis. — Saxii Oaomast.

S6 CALDERONI.

CALDERONI de la Barca (Don Pedro), a celebrated Spanish dramatic poet, was chevalier of the order of St. James, and at first distinguished himself as a soldier. This profession he quitted, and became an-ecclesiastic, and was made priest and canon of Toledo. There are several dra- matical pieces by him in 9 vols. 4to, Madrid, 1689; not to mention, several others that have not been printed. The imagination of Calderoni, however, was too fertile to allow him to be regular and correct. The rules of the drama are violated in almost all his works. We perceive in his tragedies the irregularity of Shakspeare, his eleva- tion and his degradation, flashes of genius as strong, comic turns as much out of place, an inflation no less capricious, and the same bustle of action and incident. Some of his pieces are still performed on the Spanish stage, and some have been translated into Frenqb. This poet flou- rished about the year 1640. *

C ALDER WOOD (David), a famous divine of the church of Scotland, and a distinguished writer in behalf of the presbyterians, was descended of a good family in that kingdom, and born in 1575. Being early designed for the ministry, he applied with great diligence to the study of the scriptures in their original tongues^ the works of the fathers, the councils, and the be^t writers of church history. He was settled, about 1604, at Crailing, not far from Jedburgh, in the south of Scotland. James VI. of that country, and the first of Great Britain, being desirous of bringing the church of Scotland to a near conformity with that of England, laboured earnestly to restore the episcopal authority, and enlarge the powers of the bishops in that kingdom ; but this design was very warmly opposed by many of the ministers, and particularly by David Cal- derwood, who, when James Law, bishop of Orkney, came to visit the presbyteries of the Merse and Teviotdaie, de- clined his jurisdiction, by a paper under his hand, dated May 5, 160S. The king, however, having its success much at heart, sent the earl of Dunbar, then high-trea- surer of Scotland, Dr. Abbot, afterwards archbishop of Canterbiiry, and two other divines, into that kingdom, with instructions to employ every method to .persuade both the clergy and the laity, of his majesty's sincere desire to promote the good of the church, and of his zeal for th«

1 Diet. If i|t.—Moreric— Antonio Bibl. Hisp.

C A L D E R W GOD. SI

-Protestant religion, in which they succeeded. Calder- wood, however, did not assist at the general assembly held at Glasgow, June 8, 1610, in which lord Dunbar presided as commissioner ; and it appears from his writings, that he looked upon every thing transacted in it as null and void. Exceptions were also taken by him and his party, against a great part of the proceedings of another general assembly, held with much solemnity at Aberdeen, Aug. 13, 1616. In May following, king James went to Scptland, and iii June held a parliament at Edinburgh ; at the same time the clergy met in one of the churches, to hear and ad- vise with the bishops ; which kind of assembly, it seems, was contrived in imitation of the English convocation. Mr. Calderwood was present at it, but declared publicly that he did not take any such meetings to resemble a convoca- tion ; and being opposed by Dr. Whitford and Dr. Ha- milton, who were friends to the bishops, he took his leave of them in these words : " It is absurd to see men sitting in silks and satins, and to cry pqverty in the kirk, when purity is departing." The parliament proceeded mean while in the dispatch of business ; and Calderwood, with several other ministers, being informed that a bill was de-* pending to empower the king, with advice of the archbi-^ shops, bishops, and such a number of the ministry as his majesty should think proper, to consider and conclude, as to matters decent for the external policy of the church, not repugnant to the word of God ; and that such conclu- sions should have the strength and power of ecclesiastical laws : against this they protested for four reasons : J . Be- cause their church was so perfect, that, instead of needing reformation, it might be a pattern to others. 2. General assemblies, as now established by law, and which ought always to continue, might by this means be overthrown. 3. Because it might be a means of creating schism, and disturb the tranquillity of the t^hurch. 4. Because they had received assurances, that no attempts should be made to bring them to a conformity with the church of England. They desired, therefore, that for these and other reasons, all thoughts of passing any such law may be laid aside ; but in case this be not done, they protest, for themselves and their brethren who shall adhere to them, that they can yield no obedience to this law when it shall be enacted, because it is destructive of the liberty of the church ; and therefore shall submit to such penalties, and think them*

$t

C A L D E R WO O D.

selves obUged to undergo such punishments, as may be inflicted for disobeying that law. This protest was signed by Archibald Simpson, on behalf of the members, who sub- scribed another separate roll, which he kept for his justi- fication. It was delivered to Peter Hewet, who had a seat in parliament, in order to be presented ; and another cqpy remained in Simpson^s hands, to be presented in case of any accident happening to the other. The affair making a great noise. Dr. Spotswood, archbishop of St. Arjdrew's, asked a sight of the protest from Hewet, one day at court ; and, upon some dispute between them, it was torn. The other copy was actually presented by Simpson to the clerk register, who refused to read it before the states in parliament. However, the protest, though not read, had its effect ; for although the bill before-mentioned, or, as the Scottish phrase is, the article, had the consent of par- liament, yet the .kingf thought fit to cause it to be laid aside ; and not long after called a general assembly at St. Andrew's. Soon after, the parliament was dissolved, and Simpson was summoned before the high commission courts where the roll of names which he had kept for his justi- fication, wa3 demanded from him ; and upon his declaring that he had given it to Harrison, who had since delivered it to Calderwood, he was sent prisoner to the castle of Edinburgh ; and Calderwood was summoned to appear be- fore the high commission court at St. Andrew's, on the 8th of July following, to exhibit the said protest, and to an- swer for his mutinous and seditious behaviour.

July 12, the king came to that city in person, and soon after Hewet and Simpson were deprived and imprisoned. After this, Calderwood was called upon, and refusing to comply with what the king in person required of him, James, after haranguing at some length on his disobe- dience, ' committed him to prison ; and afterwards the privy^council, according to the power exercised by them at that time, directed him to banish himself out of the king's dominions before Michaelmas following, and not to . return w ithout licence ; and upon giving security for this purpose, be was discharged out of prison, and suffered to return to his parish, but forbid to preach. Having applied to the king for a prorogation of his sentence without suc- cess, because he would neither acknowledge his offence, nor pifomise conforgaity for the future, he retired to Hol- land in 1619, where his publicatioais were securely muU

CALDERWOOn. f9

tiplied, and diffused through Scotland, particu^iiy one entitled " The Perth Assembly/* which was condemned by the council. In 1623 he published his celebrated trea- tise entitled ^' Altare Damascenum, seu ecclesiae AngU- canae politia, ecclesise Scoticans obtrusa k formalista quo- dam delineata, iliustrata^ et examinata." The writer of the preface prefixed to Calderwood's ^^ True history of the church of Scotland" tells us, that ^* the author of this very learned and celebrated treatise (which is an answer to Liuwood^s * Description of the Policy of the church of England') doth irrefragably and unanswerably demonstrate the iniquity of designing and endeavouring to model and conform the divinely simple worship, discipline, and go-, vernment of the church of Scotland to the pattern of the pompously prelatic and ceremonious church of England ; under some conviction whereof it seems king James himself was, though implacably displeased with it, when, being after the reading of it somewhat pensive, and being asked the reason by an English prelate standing by and observing it, he told him he had seen and read such a book ; where- upon the prelate telling his majesty not to suffer that to trouble him, for they would answer it ; he .replied, not without some passion, ^ What would you answer, man i There is nothing here but scripture, reason, and the fa- thers*.*' This work was in fact an enlargement, in Latin; of one which %e wrote in English, and published in 1621, under the title of ** The Altar of Damascus," and which is uncommonly rare. It concludes with noticing a rumour spread by bishop Spotswood, that Mr. Calderwood had turned Brownist, which rumour it denies in strong language, and with the following intemperate and unbecoming threat: ** If either Spotswood, or his supposed author, persist in their calumny after this declaration, 1 shall try if there be any blood in their foreheads." Calderwood having in 1624 been afflicted with a long fit of sickness, and nothing haying been heard of him for some time, one Patrick Scot (as Calderwood himself informs us), took it for granted that he was dead ; and thereupon wrote a recantation in his name, as if before his decease he had changed his sen- timents. This imposture being detected, Scot went over to Holland, and staid three weeks at Amsterdam, where he made diligent search for the author of " Altare Damas- cenum," with a design, as Calderwood believed, to have, dispatched him: but Calderwood had privately returned

90 C A L D E R W O O D.

into his own country, where he remained for several years. Scot gave out that the king furnished him with the matter for the pretended recantation^ and that he only put it in <irder.

During his retirement, Calderwood collected all the memorials relating to the ecclesiastical affairs of Scotland, from the beginning of the reformation there, down to the death of king James ; which collection is still preserved, that which was published under the title of " The true History of Scotland," 1680, fol. being only an extract from it. He probably returned to Scotland about 1636, and in 1 643 we find him one of those who were appointed to draw up the. form of the " Directory for the public worship of God" by the Genecal Assembly ; and when the English army lay at Lothian, in 1651, he went to Jedburgh, where, we are told, he sickened and died ia a good old age, but the date is not given.

It. may be necessary to say somewhat more of his manu- script his^tory, which is contained in six large folio volumes, in the Glasgow library*. In the first volume, immediately after the title-page, there is the following note. — " This

work, comprehended in P^g^s, is collected out of

Mr. Knox's History, and his Memorials gathered for the continuation of his History, out of Mr. James Melvil's Ob* servations, Mr. John Davidson his Diary, the Acts of the General Assemblies, and Acts of Parliament, and out of several Proclamations, and Scrolls of diverse ; and com- prehendeth an History from the beginning of the reign of king James V. to the death of king James VI. but is con- tracted and digested in a better order, in a work of three volumes, bound in parchment, and is comprehended in 2013 pages. Out of which work contracted, is extracted another, in lesser bounds, but wanting nothing in sub- stance, and comprehended in — pages, which the author desireth only to be communicated to others, and this with the other, contracted into three volumes, to serve only for the defence of the third, and preservation of the History, in case it be lost.'' The first of the six volumes gives a

* There are three other transcripts formerlymlnister of Glasgow; and the

of it, one in the Advocates library at third belongs to the General Assembly

Edinburgh ; another in the possesfiion of the church of Scotland, to whom it

of general Calderwood Durliam of was presented by Mr. Wodrow, a

Largo, the representative of Mr. Cal- more recent ecclesiastical historian of

derwood, and of Mr. James Durham, Scotliind. /

CALDERWOOD. 6k

large introduction, in which the author undertakes to inform us of the time when, and the persons by whom the island of Great Britain was first inhabited ; and after- wards brings down the Scottish Civil History as well as the Ecclesiastical, from the first planting of Chris-* tianity to the end of James the Fourth's reign. Aftec his account of the affairs of the state and the church, we have a view of all the most considerable wars and battles (domestic and foreign) wherein the people of Scotland have been engaged before the said period, aa also of the ancient honorary titles, and their institution. On thisi last head he quotes an old manuscript, sent from Icolmkiil to Mr. George Buchanan, which testifies that a parliament was held at Forfar, in the year 1061, wherein surnames are appointed to be taken, and several earls, barons, lords, and knights, were created. After this ge« neral preface he begins his proper work. The History of the Scottish Reformation. And in this volume advances as far as the marriage of queen Mary with the lord Darnley, in 1565. In his story of Mr. Patrick Hamilton, the pro* tomartyr in this cause, he gives a copy of the sentence pronounced against him, together with a congratulatory letter from the doctors at Louvaiu to the archbishop of St. Andrew's, on the occasion of his death. Amongst those learned men, who upon the first persecution fled into Ger- many, he reckons Mr. George Buchanan. In his large account of the disputes and sufferings of the reformers, under the administration of cardinal Beaton and the queen regent, we have the particulars of the contentions at Frank- furt, which are mostly taken out of a book entitled ^' A brief discovery of the Troubles of Mr. John Knox, for op- posing the English Service Book, in 1554." After which we have Knox's Appeal from the sentence of the clergy, to the nobility, estates, and community of Scotland, with a great many letters from the nobility to the queen-regent and him, on the subject of religion. All this part of the history, which in the printed book makes no more than thirteen pages, ends at page 571; from whence (to the end of the book at page 902) there is a good collection of curious letters, remonstrances, &c. which are not in the prints, either of Knox or Calderwood. The second vo- lume contains the history from 1565 to the arraignment of the earl of Moreton for treason, in December 1590, aii4 contains 614 pages, wherein are mmy valuable discoveries

€2 C A L D E R W O 6 D.

relating to thfe practices of David Rizzio, the king's mur- der, Bothwell's marriage and flight, &c. and a more per- fect narrative of the proceedings in the general assemblies, than the printed history will afford us. The third volume comprehends the entire history^ of both church and state, from the beginning of January 1581 to July 1586, when queen Mary's letter to Babington was intercepted. Under the year 1584, there is a severe character of Mr. Patrick Adamson, archbishop of St. Andrew's ; which, in the con- clusion, refers us for a farther account of him to a poem made by one Robert Semple, and entitled " The Legend of the Limmer's Life." Here is also " An account of the State and Church of Scotland to the Church of Geneva,'* which was written by Andrew Melvil, in answer to the mis- representations of the Scottish discipline scattered in fo- reign countries, by the said archbishop Adamson. The fourth gives the like mixed history of affairs, from July 1586 to the beginning of 1596. Here we have a full collection of papers relating to the trial, condemnation, and execu- tion, of the unfortunate queen Mary, with abundance of others, touching the most remarkable transactions of this Decennium. In 1587 there is a large account of the coming of the sieur du Bartas into Scotland ; of his being carried by king James to the university of St. Andrew's, his hearing of the lectures of Mr. A. Melvil there, and the great opinion he had of the abilities of that professor, &c. In 1590 there are some smart reflections on Dr. Bancroft's sermon at Paul's Cross, censuring the proceedings of J. Knox, and others of the northern reformers, with the as- sembly's letter to queen Elizabeth about that sermon. The fifth volume reaches from the beginning of January 1596, to the same month in 1607. After the accounts of the proceedings of the assembly in 1596, the author subjoins this pathetic epiphonema: " Here end all the sincere assem- blies general of the kirk of Scotland, enjoying the liberty of the gospel under the free government of Christ." The new and constant Piatt of Planting all the Kirks of Scotland (written by Mr. David Lindsay, one of the Octavians) is here inserted at large, as it was presented to the king and states in the said year 1596. The history of the conspiracy of the Gowries, and the manner of its discovery, is likewise here recorded at length, in the same order, wherein the king commanded it to be published. The new form of nomination to bishoprics, the protestation in parliament

CALDERWOOD. 63

against the restitution of episcopacy, and the reasons of- fered against it by others, are the remaining matters of consideration in this book. The sixth concludes with the death of king James VI.

Besides what we have already mentioned, Calderwood was the author of many other works relating to the church discipline of Scotland, which are now of rare occurrence, and prized only by collectors. These were printed in Holland, but imported into Scotland, notwithstanding the most severe prohibitions.-*

CALDWALL (Richard), or Chaldwell, an English phy- sician, was born in Staffordshire about 1513, and was ad- mitted into Brazeu-nose college in Oxford, of which he was in due season elected fellow. In 1539 he took his decnree of M. A. and became one of the senior students of Christ Church in 1547, which was a little after its last foundation by king Henry VIII. Afterwards he studied physic and took the degrees in that faculty, and became so highly esteemed for his learning and skill, that he was examined, approved, admitted into, and elected censor of, the college of physicians at London in the same day. Six weeks after, he was chosen one of the elects of the said college, and in 1570 made president of it. Wood tells us, that he wrote several pieces upon subjects relating to his profession ; but does not say what they were. He men- tions a book written by Horatio Moro, a Florentine physi- cian, and called ** The Tables of Surgery, briefly com* prehending the whole art and practice thereof;'' which Caldwall translated into English, and published at London in 1585. We learn from Camden, that Caldwall founded a chirurgical lecture in the college of physicians, and en- dowed it with a handsome salary. He died in 1585, and was buried at the church of St. Bennet near Paul's wharf.*

CALDWELL (Andrew), a literary gentleman of Ire- land, was the son of Charles Caldwell, esq. an eminent so- licitor, and was born in Dublih, 1732. He received part of his education in one of the universities in Scotland, from whence he removed to London ; and after a residence of about five years at the Temple, returned to Dublin, where he was admitted to the bar in 1760 ; but his father being possessed of a good estate, fully adequate to his son's wishes^

1 Biog. Brit— -Biog. Scoticana.-^Baillie's Letters and Journali.— Laing's His- tory of Scotland.— Brewster's Ediubuifh £ncvclop»dia. * Ath. Ox. rol. I.— Geo. Diet.

64 CALDWELL.

he never paid much attention to the profession of the law,- and for several years before his death had entirely quitted it. His studious disposition, and taste for the fine arts, always afforded him sufficient employment, and be was a liberal patron of those who excelled in any of the various branches of art. He had studied architecture with parti- cular attention ^ and about the }'ear 1770, published, anony- mously, some very judicious " Observations on the pub- lic buildings of Dublin," and on some edifices, which at that time were about to be erected in that city at the ex- pence of the state. The only other known production of his pen that has been published, is a very curious ^^ Ac- count of the extraordinary escape of James Stewart, esq* (commonly called Athenian Stewart) from being put to death by some Turks, in whose company he happened to be travelling ;" the substance of which had been commu- nicated to Mr. Caldwell by the late Dr. Percy, bishop oif Dromore, as related to his lordship by Stewart himself. Of this narrative, of which only a small number was printed 'at Lonidon in 1304, for the use of the author^s friends, it is believed not more than a dozen copies were distributed in this country. Mr. Caldwell's love of literature naturally led him to collect an ample library, which was particularly rich in natural history. His manners were gentle and pleasing, and his benevolence, various knowledge, and cul-. tivated taste, endeared him to a very numerous circle of friends. He died at the house of his nephew, major-gene- ral Cockburn, near Bray in the county of Wicklow, July 2, 1808, in the seventy-sixth year of his. age. *

CALENTIUS, or CALENZIO (Eusius), a modern Latin poet of the fifteenth century, was a native of Naples, and became preceptor to Frederic, the son of Ferdinand I. king of Naples, whom he endeavoured to inspire with the love of those virtues and principles of justice which would dignify his high station. He did not approve of condemn- ing malefactors * to death. According to him, ^^ thieves should be obliged to restore what they had stolen, after being beaten for the theft; homicides should be made slaves ; and other criminals be sent to the mines and the gallies." He had also studied and practised agriculture and horticulture with great success. Having come to France, he was a witness of the war between Charles the hardy, duke of Burgundy, and the Swiss, the history pf

1 QenU Mag. I80S.

CALENTIUS. ' es

ti4i]ch he was requested to write, but declined it, aslie thought it did not become, him to speak ill of princes, or to* tell what was not true. It appears by his letters that he tnarried young, was extremely fond of his wife, and had many children. Yet he was accused of illicit amours, which it is said k^pt him poor. He is supposed to have died about [503. There have been three editions of his works, two at Rome, one in 1 503, fol. *^ Opuscula Elisii Calentii, poetsB clarissimi ;** and a third at Basil, 1554. They consist of elegies, epigrams, epistles; the battle of the frogs, imitated from Homer ; satires, fables, &c. &c« His poem of the battle between the rats and the frogs, from Homer, was reprinted in 1738 at Rouen, in a collec- tion, 12mo, of select fables of la Fontaine put into Latin verse, publii^ed by the abb6 Saas. Calentius composed this poem at eighteen years of age, and finished it in seven days. *

CALEPIN, or CALEPINUS (Ambros^, a lexicogra- pher of considerable fame, was a native of Calepio near Bergamo in Italy, from which lie took his name, and lived in the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth century. He took the habit of the Augustine order, and was^much esteemed for learning and personal character. His ^' Lex- icon,'* on which he had laboured for many years, appeared first in 1503. He died in 1510, deprived of his sight through old age, but had employed his latter days in re* viewing and correcting his work. It appears to have had the fate of Moreri^s Dictionary, to have fallen into the hands of editors who by repeated corrections and enlarge- ments, rendered it a publication of some consequence. The editors of Stephanus* Thesaurus concur, with Erasmus^ Ludovicus Vives, Borrichius, and others, in speaking with great contempt of Calepin, and, perhaps, with more than he deserves. Jacobus Philippius only, of that age, speaks respectfully of Calepin. The Lexicon, however, has gone through fifteen editions, with successive improvements, the best of which are that of Chifflet, Lyons, 1631, 2vols. foL and that of Facciolati, Padua, 1758, also in 2 vols. fol. Chrbtopher Wase's Latin Dictionary, the second edition of which was published at Oxford in 1675, is a very judi4 cious compendium of Calepin. *

» Morcri.— Diet. Hist.

* Moreri.— Fabr. Bibl. Med. et Inf. ^at.i^Stephen's Theiaurat.-«-6aiU«t Ju^mens d«t SaTani.— Saxii OnoituieC.

Vol. VII I. F

e& .CALETTL

^ALETTI (JoS£Ph), called II Cremonesi:, an eminenr .arti9t of Ferrara, where he was born about 1600, studied and imitated, beyond all others, the tones of Titian, and carried the illusion to such a degree, that his half-figures, bacchanal^ and small histories, entered, the best galleries of Rome and Bologna as originals ; nor is he easily disco<- yered by the be&t eye or taste, but from the admission of some moce modern conceit, or carelessness of execution. That he possessed talents superior to what m^re mimickry can confer, is evident from his St. Mark, in the church of S« Benedetto at Ferrara, a majestic, correct, e^cpressive :$gare, girt by a profusion of volumes, whose picturesque arrangement and truth of touch procured him the name of the Bo(5k-Painter (Pittor da' Libri). Immediately after the e:s:eciition of this work, some say that h6 disappeared, and was heard of no more : whilst others, with tess probability of conjecture, extend the date of his death to 1660. '

CALFHILL, or CALFILL (James), a learned divine of the sixteenth century, otherwise named Calfield, Cawfield, Chalffaill, or Calfed, was born in Shropshire^ in 153G« Strype, however, says he was a Scotchman^ and cousin to Toby Mathew, afterwards archbishop of York. He ^-* eeived his education at Eton school, and from thence was sent, in 1545, to King's college in Cambridge, from which he was removed, with many other Cambridge men, in 1 54^S-, to Christ Ohurch in Oxford, newly founded by king Henry VIII. Here 1^ shewed himself to be a person of quick wit and great capacity ; being an excellent poet; and au- thor of a tragedy, with other theatrical performances. In 1549, he took his degree of bachelor of arts ; and that of master in 1552, being junior of the act celebrated in St Mary^j^ church, July 13. He was made, in 1560, canon of the second canonry in Christ Church cathedral, Oxon ; and, on the 12th of December 1 56 1, took the degree of bachelor pf divinity. In 1 562 he was proctor for the clergy of Lon* don and the chapter of Oxford in the convocation that made the XXXIX Articles ; and on the 16th of May, the same year,, was admitted ro the rectory of St. Andrew Wardrobe, London. The 4th' of October following, be was presented by the crown to the prebend of St. Pan eras J i» the cathe'dral church of St-'-Paul; and May 4, 1565, wai collated by Matthew Parker, archbishop pf Canterbury, .to

C A L F H t L L^ 6»

tlie tectory of Bocking, in Essex; and on July l€th'fol« lewing, to the archdeaconry of Colcbestef in Essex, by Edmund Grindal, bishop <tf London. The same year, De- cember 17 th^ he took the degree of doctor in divinity. In 1568, he preached two sermons in Bristol cathedral, on pur« pose to confute Dr. Cheney, who held that see in commen- dam, and who had spoken disrespectfully of certain opi« hions of Ltttherand Cal?in. In 1569 he made application to secretary Cecil, chancellor of the university of Cam- bridge, for the provostsbip^ of king's college^ but Dri Goad's interest prevailed. Upon the translation of Dr. Ed- win jSandys from the bishopric of Worcester to that of London in 1570^ Dn Caifhill was nominated by queen f^Iizabeth to succeed him j but before his consecration h6 (^ied^ about the beginning of August (having a little be- fore resigned his canonry of Christ Church, and rectory of St. Andrew Wardrobe), and was buried in the chancel of Booking church. « His works were, 1. *' Querela Oxonien- sis Academis ad Cantabrigiam/' Lond. 1552, 4to> a Latin poem on the death of Henry and Charles Brandon, sons of Charles duke of Sttff<rik, who died of the sweating-sick-^ ness in the bishop of Lincoln's house at Bugden, July 14, I55L 2. ^' Historic de exhumatione Catherine nuper Qxoris Pet Martyris ;" or, The History of the digging up the body of Catherine late wife of Peter Martyr, Lond^ 1562, 8vo. The remains of this lady bad been deposited in the cathedral of Christ Church, near to the relics of St* Frideswide, and in queen Mary's reign were dug up and buried in the dunghill near the stables belonging to the dean ; but on the accession of queen Elizabeth, an ordet was given to replace them with suitable solemnity. This order our author partly executed, and the remains of Martyr's wife were on this occasion purposely mixed with, those of St. Frideswide, that the superstitious worshippers pf the latter might never be able to distinguish or separate them. 3. Answer to John Martiall's *^ Treatise of the Cross^ gathered out of the Scriptures, douncils^ and ancient Fa** thers of the primitive Church," Lond. 1565, 4to. 4. i^ Progne," a tragedy, in Latin; which probably was never printed, k was acted before queen Elizabeth at Oxford in 1566, in Christ Church hall ; but, says Wood, ^* it did hot take half so well as the much admired play of PalsDroon and Arcyte," written by £;dwards. 5. " Poemata varia.'* As to his character^ we are inforiped, tha^ he was in his

F 2

«» C A L F H I L L.

* , . •

younger days a noted poet and comedian ; and in bis eldei^ an exact disputant, and had an excellent faculty in speak« ing and preachmg. One who had beard him preach, gives this account of him : <' His exceUent tongue, and rhe^ torical tale, filled with good and wholesome doctrine, sd^ ravished the minds of the hearers, that they were all' in admiration of his eloquence." One John Calfhili, chap- lain to Dr. Matthew, archbishop of York, a prebendary of Durham, &c. who died in 1619, was probably son to our author. *

CALIGNON (SoFFREY de), a native of Saint Jean, near Voiron in Dauphiny, was secretary to M. de Lesdiguiercsy and minister of the reformed religion, aftlerwards chancel- lor of Navarre. Henry IV. had a particular esteem for him, and employed him in affairs of the highest import- ance. Cahgnon and Thuanus together drew up the edict of Nantes. He died September 1606, at Paris, aged fifty- six, much lamented. He was a man of great learning^r und well skilled in the management of affairs. A satire written by him, entitled " Le Mepris des Dames,'* has been preserved to us by du Verdier Vauprivas. ** L* Histoire des choses plus remarquables advenues en France en Aiv^ pees 1587, 1538, et 1589, par S. C." printed 1590, Svo; is also attributed to him, and contains much information Of importance to the protestant cause. His life has been writ- ten by Gui Allard, with that of the baron des Adrets, and Dupuy Monbrun, Grenoble, 1675, 12mo. * '

CALIXTUS (George), an eminent Lutheran divine, was born at Medelbui, in Holstein> Dec. 14, 1586. His ifather, who was also a minister, intended him for the same profession, and seut him to study at Helmstadt, Jena, and Giessen, and most of the protestant schools of Germany. He travelled also with Matthias Overbeck, a rich Lutherarf, who resided in Holland, and conceiving a high opinion of Calixtus, became his liberal patron, as he had been to Her- man Conringius and many othert. After travelling also in f ranee and England, Calixtus returned to Germany, and was appointed professor of theology at Helmstadt in 1614^ and there he died, March 18, 1656, after a long theologi- cal warfare, both with his brethren aitd.the Roman catho- ^ lies, excited by his endeavours to effect a comprehension

1 Ath. Ox. vol, 1. — ^Wood's Hist, and Ajitiq. of Oxford, — llutchlssou's Hi^U •f DurhUDa, toL 1L p. 1B7. « Mor«ri;— 'Diet. Hiit,

C A L I X T t S. W •

Wtween the Roman and the Lutheran and Calv inist churches. According to MosheiiBy Calixtus was the first person that* reduced theology into a regular system, and gave it a truly scientific and philosophical form. As he had imbibed the spirit of the Aristotelian school, he arranged the substance* of Christianity according to the method of the Stagirite ; and divided the whole science of divinity into three parts« viz. the end, the subject, and the means. He was also the first who separated the objects of faith from the duties of morality, and exhibited the latter under the form of an in- dependent science. These innovations rendered him the object of much censure and opposition. In his attempt to reunite the several bodies of Christians, and to comprehend the different churches in one profession of religion, he was

* 9, principal promoter of that system which was called syn- cretism. The controversy which was thus occasioned, sub- sisted long after his death ; and though he seemed, in his efforts for comprehension, to give advantage to the Romish church, no one attacked its tyranny and corruption with

^ .greater vigour. Mosheim has entered largely into his sys- tem and the consequence of it, but it appears to us to be in sdme parts inconsistent ; and experience has shewn that all plans of comprehension are impracticable, without such sacrifices as the respective parties either cannot or will not make* His writings, which are extremely numerous, on various subjects of controversy, are enumerated by Freher, but without the necessary appendages of size, dates, &c. ' CALLE, or CALLET (John Francis), a French ma- thematician, was born on the 25th of October 1744, at Versailles, where he received a good education, and ac- quired an early taste for the mathematics. In 1763 he came to Paris, where he had an opportunity of being more thoroughly instructed. In 1774 he formed some distm- guished pupils for the school of engineers, where the ex- aminations were strict, ^nd admission difficult to be ob- tained. In 1779 he gained the prize proposed by the so- ciety of arts at Geneva, for escapements. In 1783 he com- pleted his edition of " Gardiner's Tables of Logarithms,** .which were exceedingly convenient, of great utility, and very correct; and which possessed advantages above all the others. In 1788 he was appointed professor of hydro- graphy at Vannes, afterwards at Dunkirk ; and in 1792 he

* Moreri.— Mosheim's History. — Frehiri Theatrum. — Saxii OAomasticon, .

70 C A L L E,

returned to Paris, and was for a few years professor cfr^ tn^ genieurs geographes at the dep6t of war. This place hav- ing been suppressed^ he continued to teach in Paris^ where he was alyva^ys considered fts one of the beat mathematical mftsters to whom pupils could apply. In 1795 be published the new stereotype edition of the " Tables of Logarithms," considerably enlarged with logarithmic tables of the sines, ILccording to the new decimal division of the circle. The^e are the first which ever appeared. Towards the end of 1797 he presented to the National Institute the plan of a new telegraph and a telegraphic language, accompanied with a dictionary of 12,000 French words adapted to it by a combination worthy of so able a mathematician. These labours had injured his health, and he had been a long time asthmatic, but, notwithstanding his condition, he published that year an excellent memoir on finding the longitude at sea, under the modest title of *^ A Supplement to the . Trigonometry and Navigation of Bezout/' He died on the. 14th of November, 1798, leaving behind him a daugh'v ter, born 4t Vannes ia 1793. According to a tradition ia the family, be was descended from Descartes. ^

CALLIERGUS (Zacuaiuas), a native of Crete, became ^ very eminent Gree^ printer about tbe.^od of the fifte^intb eentury, which business he carried ofi first at Yeniee, and ^terwards at Ropfie. He had a principal concern in the compil$ition as well as printing of the ^' EtymologicuiQ. magnum," printed at Venice in 1499, and printed in the aame year Simp(icius*s Commentary on Aristotle^s cate-

fories. His edition of Pindar, with Greek scholia collected y himself, appeared at Roipe in 1515, 4to, and was: the first Gr^ek book printed, in that city. He also printed^ which is thought to be the secpnd Greek book executed. a|^ Rome, an editit)n of Theocritus, 1516j 8vo. Reiske CQn<4 siders it among the most accurate and complete, of the early editions of Theocritus, and it was the first with the scholia. It is now both scarce and dear. An edition of Phavorinus*s Lexicon was also published by Cailierggs, a| Rome, 1523. Of the personal history of this learned an4 ingenious printer we have no account. J^rasqiiis calls hioi f^ juvenis eximie doctus,'' and Gyraldus speaks of him aat having been of a family of some rank. ^

* Leland*s History of Astronomy for 1798 — "Rees's Cyclopedia.— Diet. Hist. < Hodiui de Qraecis iliustribss. — Fabric. BibU^Grec— Dibdin's Classic«.«^ ^xii Onomast.

C A L L I M A C H U S. 7t

«

, CALLIMACHUSy m ancletu Greek poet, was bovn at Cjrrene, a town in Africa, and flourished under the Ptole- mies Philadelphus and Euergetes ; Berenice, queen -of the latter, having consecrated her locks in the temple of Venuii, and a flattering astronomer having translated them from thence into a constellation in the heavens, gave occa« sion to the fine el^y of this poet, which we have now only in the Latin of Catullus. He may be placed, there* fore, about 2S0 B. C. His common name Battiades has made the grammarians usually assign one Battus for bis father ; but perhaps he may as well derive that name from king Battus, the founder of Cyrene, from whose line, as Strabo assures us, he declared himself to be descended. But whoever was his father^ the poet has paid all his duties and obligations to him in a most delicate epitaph, which we find in the Antholpgia ; and which shews that Martial bad good reason to assign him, as he has done, the crown amcMtg the Grecian writers of the epigram. He was edu- cated under Hermocrates, the grammarian; and before he was reeommended to the favour of the kings of Egypt, he> taught a school at Alexandria ; and had the honour of educating Apollonius, the: author of the Argonautics. But Apoilonius making an unmteful return to his master for the pains he had tdcen wiw him, Callimachus was prpvoked to revenge himself in an invective poem, called Ibis^'^ which, it is known, furnwhed Ovid with a pattern iand title for a satire of the same nature. Suidas relates, that Calli-- macbus wrote above 800 pieces ; of which we have now remaining only a few hymns and epigrams. Quintilian is- 'very justtfiable in having asserted, that Callimachus wds. the first of all the elegiac poets. He has the credit of hav- ing first spoken the proverbial spying, ^^ a great book is w jgreat evil,^* which critics have been fonder of repeating than authors.

We know no more of the time of this poet's death than we do of ti)»t of his birth ; but it was probably in the reign of Ptolemy Euergetes : for Apollonius Rhodius, who was his scholar, vtm chosen by that prince to the care of the Alex* imdrian libraty, and after dying in that office was buried in Caliunacbus's grave. *

The best e4?tions of Callimachus are those of Grs^vius, Utrecht, 1697, 2 vols. 8vo; Bentley, London, 1741, 8vo ; Ernest, Leyden, 176 1, 2 vols. Bvo^ &c. The English reader h^s been in some measure made acquainted with CalU<>

IZ C A L L I M A C H U «.

xnachus in the translation of > the unfortunate Dr. Dodd, and more recently (1793) in that of Dr. H. W. Tytler. *

CALLISTHENES, a Greek philosopher and historian, tvas a native of Olintbus, and the disciple and relation of Aristotlfy by whose advice he accompanied Alexander in his expeditions. Aristotle gave him to his scholar, that he might moderate the fury of his passions ; but Callisthenes was top deficient in the arts of a courtier to render truth ^ sufficiently palatable to the prince. Hi$ animadversions on him were probably conveyed in repulsive language, and he is said to have placed his writings far above the con- quests of the king of Macedon, who ought^ said he, ** to look for immortality more from his books than from the madness of being the son of Jupiter.'^ He thus coarsely eicpostulated with Alexander on the absurdity of his ex- pecting divine honours, and he became insupportable to the youthful hero, Callisthenes. being accused, in the year 328 before the Christian sera, of conspiring against the life pf Alexander^ the prince eageiiy seized that op- portunity for getting rid of his censor. " This conqueror (says . the historian Justin), irritated against the philosopher Callis-' thenes for boldly disapproving his resolution to make himself* adored after the. manner of the kings of Persia, pretended ^ to believe that he had engaged in a conspiracy against him ; and made use of this pretext for cruelly causing his lips^ his nose, and his ears to be cut off. In this mutilated condition he had bim drawn in his retinue, shut up with a dog in an iron ca^e, to make him an object of horror and- affright to his army. Lysimachus, a disciple of this vir^? tuous man, moved at beholding him languish in a misery be'' had brought on himself only by a laudable frankness, pro- cured him poison, which at once delivered him from hisv exquisite torments and such unmerited indignity. Alex-^. ahder, being informed of it, was so transported with rage,* that he caused Lysimachus to be exposed to the fury of a hungry lion, The brave man, on seeing the beast ap*' proach to devour hiniy folded his cloak round his arm^ plunged it down his throat, and, tearing out his tpngue,- stretched him dead upon the sppt. An exploit so courage-' ous struck the king with an admiration that disarmed hisi wrath, and made Lysimachus more de^to biga^than ever.'^

«

t Fabric. Biblt Graec— Vossius de Poet. Graec. — Saxu Onomast. — Dibdin aQ^

C A L L I S T H E N E S. 7«

Them are, howevar, other accounts of his di^ath, but all of them sufficiently shocking. It is reported that Alex- ander caused these words to be engraved on the tomb of Callistbenes : " odi sophistam qui srBi non sapit.** In the seventh volume of Memoirs of the academy o( belles- lettres of Paris may be seen some curious researches on the life and writings of this philosopher by the abb6 Sevin.' The philosophers that succeeded Callistbenes thought it their duty (says M. Hardion) to avenge their brother by launching out into furious declamations against the memory . of Alexander, whose criminality, according to Seneca, was never to be effaced, because he was the murderer of Callis- tbenes.

. The " Life of Alexander,** said to have been written by Callistbenes, often referred to by the ancients, has been long since lost ; but a Greek life of Alexander, under the adopted name of Callistbenes, at presetit exists, and is no uncommon manuscript in good libraries. There is one copy in the Bodleian, and another in the roysl library at Paris, It was written in Greek, being a translation from the Persic by Simeon Setb, styled magister and protoves- tiary or wardrobe-keeper of the palace of Antiochus at' Constantinople, about the year 1070, under the emperor. Micha^ Ducas. ' It was most probably soon after translated' from the Greek into the Latin, and at length from thence into French, Italian, and German. But it is unnecessary to say more of a work which does not belong to our Callis- tbenes. He is said to have written other works, as ^'A History of Greece," 4 "History of the Trojan war,'* &c. but no traces of them are now to be found. ^

CALLISTUS. See AIslDRONICUS and NICEPHO- RUS.

CALLOT (James), a famous engraver, son of John Callot, herald of arms in Lorrain, was descended from an ancient and noble family, and born at Nancy in 1593. * He cherished almost from his infancy a taste and spirit for the belles lettres, as well as for the fine arts. When he was only twelve years old he set off for Rome, without the knowledge of his parents, in order tx) see the many curiosi- ties there he had heard so much talk of; but his money failing, he joined himself to a party of Bohemians, wha were going into Italy, and went with them to Florence.

* Moreri.— Vossius. — ^Arriao. — Justin.

74 C A L L O T.

n.

/

Tfaene he was taken under the protection of an officer of the great duke, who placed him to learn designing under Ramigio Canta GaUiiia, a skilful painter and engraver. Afterwairds he got to Rome, where he was known by a merchant of Nancy, and sent immediately home to his parents* When. he was about 14 years of age he left home again, atid directed bis course towards Rome ; but being discoviered by his elder' brother, who was at Turin about business, he was brought back a second time to Nancy. His passion, however, for seeing Rome being still ardent and irresistible, his father at length gave him leave to go in the train of a gentleman whom the duke of Lorrain sent to the pope.

\\{hen he arrived at Rome, he learned to design and en« grave first with Giulio Parigri, and afterwards with Philip Thomassin .of Troyes in Champaghe, who bad fettled in that city ; but this latter ha;iring a beautiful wife, who paid some; marked attentions to Callot, a disagreement took plage, aqd ouy young arti»t removed to Florence, where the great duke employed him with several other excellent workmen. Callot at that time began to design in minia- ture, and had so happy a genius for it, that be became in^ comparable in that way. He quitted his graver^ and used aquafortis^ becauae this was both the quickest way* of work- iug, and gave more strength and spirit to the performance, Aner the great duke's death^ he began to think of return*- ing to his own country -y and about that time, prince Charles, coming through Florence, and being uncommonly struck with. some of his curious pieces, persuaded Callot to go along with him to Lorrain, and promised him a good salary from his father-in-law Henry, the reigning duke. Callot attended him, and had a considerable pension set- tled upqn him ; and, being in his S2d year^ he took a wife, ^ho was a woman of family. His reputation was now spread all. over E^urope, and the infanta of Spain sent f6r ))im to Brussels, when the marquis of Spinola was laying siege to Breda, that he might first draw, and afterwards engrave, as he did, the siege of that town. He went to France in 1628, when Louis XIIL made him design and engrave the siege of Rocbelle and the isle of Rh6. After he bad been amply recompensed by that monarch, he re-, tumeii to Nancy ; where he continued to follow the busi- ness of engraving so assiduously, that he is said to have left 1500 pieces qf hi^ own; au incr^c^ible nun^beir for 30

C A L L O T. 75

i^ort a life as bis ! When tbe duke of Orleans, Gaston of France, withdreve into Lorrain, he made him engrave seve- ral silver stamps, and went to his house two hours every day to learn to draw. }n 1G31, when the king of France had reduced Nancy, he sent for Callot to engrave that new conquest, as he had done Rocbelle ; but Callot begged to be excused, because that being a Lorrainer he could not do any thing so much against the honour of his prince and country. The king was not displeased at his answer, but said, ** The duke of Lorrain was very happy in having such faithful and affectionate subjects." Some of the courtiecs insinuated, that he ought to be forced to do it ; to which Callot, when it was told him, replied with great firm- ness, ^' That he would sooner disable his right band than be obliged to do any thing against his honour.^' The king then, instead of forcing him, endeavoured to draw faim into France, by offering to settle upon him a pension of 300D livres ; to, which Callot answered, "That he conld no« leave his countjy and birth-place, but that there he wo«ld always be ready to serve his majesty." Nevertheless, when he afterwards found the ill condition Lorrain was reduced to by the taking of Nancy, he projected a scheme of re- turning with bis wife to Florence ; bat was hindered firom executing it by his death, which happened on the 2Sith of March, 1636, when he was. only 43 years of age. He was buried in the cloister of the cordeliei*s at Nancy, where his ancestors lay ;^ and had an epitaph inscribed upon a piece of black marble, on which was engraved a half portrait of himself. He left an excellent moral character behind him, and died with the universal esteem of men of taste.

This artist engraved in several styles; the first of which w^ ah imitation of his master Canta Oallina. He after- wards worked altogether with the graver ; but without success. His next style was the mixture of the point and the graver, with coarse broad hatchings in the shadows. But his best manner, is t^hat which appears to have been executed with the greatest freedom, by which he has ex- pressed^ as we may say, with a single stroke, variety of character, and correctness of design. He is said to have been the first who used hard varnish in etching, which has been found much superior to that which was before adopted. The fertility of invention, and the vast variety, found in the works of this excellent artist, are astonishing. It could Jiardly have been supposed possible to combine so great a

19 C A L L O T-

number ctf figures together as he has done, and to vary the attitudes, without forced contrast, so that all of them, whe- ther single figures or groupes. may be easily distinguished from each other, even in the masses of shadow ; more especially when it is considered that they are often ex- ceedingly minute. On a cursory view of some of his most admired pieces, the whole appears confused, and without harmony ;-but a careful examination discovers therichne^, the beauty, the taste, and the judgment which are be- stowed on the disposition of the figures, the management of the groupes, and the variety and proprietj^ of the atti- tudes. The works of this master are very numerous and various. In representation of all the varieties of human life, from beggars and peasants to knights and nobles, be excelled ; characterising all with the nicest touches of na>« tufe. Of his subjects, many are of the most painful and shocking kind, such as public executions, the miseries of war, and the like ; many are grotesque and fanciful, and ^^shibit a strong imagination. Among his most admired prints, Strutt enumerates : " The Murder of' the Inno- cents," of which that engraved at Florence is most rare ; a fine inapressioa of it being found with difficulty ; " The Marriage of Canain Galilee," from Paolo Veronese ; "The Passion of Christ," the first impressions of which are very scarce ; " St. John in the island of Palma ;" " The Temp- tation of St. Anthony;" "The Punishments," exhibiting the execution of several criminals; " The Miseries of War ;" " The great Fair of Florence ;" The little Fair,** otherwise called " The Players at Benti," one of the scarcest of Callot's prints ;" ^^ The Tilting, or the New Street at Nancy;" The Garden of Nancy;" " View of the Pont Neuf;" "View of the Louvre;" and "Four Landscapes.",'

CALLY (Peter), a celebrated French philosopher, wa^ ft native of Mesnil-Hubert, near Argenton, in the diocese of Seez. About 1655, he studied philosophy at Caen, and afterwards divinity at Paris, but philosophy was hid favourite pursuit, and the foundation of his fame. In 1660 he taught in the college du Bois, in Caen, and be- came there acquainted with Huet, afterwards bishop of Avranches, who acknowledged the assistance he derived

> Moreri.r—Strutt. — Feliblen*s Fntreticns gur les vies deg pemtres.~>PerrBult . ks Hommes lUustitiii. — Evelyn's Sculpture, p, 87. ^

C A L L y. 77

from Cally in his studies. Their intimacy, however, was interrupted by Cally*s avowal of adherence to the Carte- sian system. Cally was the iSrst in France who had the courage to profess himself a Cartesian, in defiance of thei prejudices and numbers of those who adhered to the aur cient philosophy. He first broached his Cartesianism in the way of hypothesis, but afterwards taught it more openly, wbiqh procured him many enemies. Huet, al- though then very young, ventured to censure him \ and father Valois, the Jesuit, who was a contemporary prp- fessbr of philosophy, attacked both Caily and his opinions in a work which he published under the name of Louis de la Ville, in J 680, entitled " Seutimens de M. Descartes^ touchant Tessence et les p)ropri6t^s des corps, opposes a la doctrine de Teglise, et conformes aux erreurs de ^alvin sut reucharistie." Cally, not thinking there was much in this, did not answer it until pressed by his friends, when he wrote an aniswer in Latin, which, however, was not al this time published. When the duke de Monta\isier was appointed by Louis XIV. to provide eminent classical scholars to write notes on the, classics published for the use of the Dauphin, Cally was selected for the edition of '^ fioethius de Consolatione," which he published, accord* ingly, in 1680, in 4to, now one of the scarce quarto Del* phin editions. In 1674 he published a short introduction to philosophy, '^^Institutio philosophica," 4to, which he » afterwards greatly enlarged, and published in 1695 under the title '^ Universal philosophise institutio," Caen, 4 vols. 4to. In 167S he was appointed* principal of the college of arts in Caen, on which he began a new course of philoso-^ phical lectures, and laid out ten or twelve thousand francs an rebuilding a part of the college which had fallen into iruin. In 1684 he was appointed curate of the parish of St Martin, in Caen, and the Protestants who were then very numerous in that city, flocked to his sermons, and he, held conferences once or twice a week in his vestry, which they attended with much pleasure, and we are told he made many converts to the Popish religion. But this success, for which every Catholic ought to have been thankful, ex- cited the envy of those who had quarrelled with him befor^ on account of his Cartesianism, and by false accusations, rtey procured him to.be exiled to Mpulins.in 1686, where he remained for two years. Finding on his return that the Protestants w^re stilji numerous in Caen, and that they en-

▼9 ' C A L L Y.

tertained the same resp^et for him as befofe^ he wrote for their use a work Entitled '^Durand comment^y ou Taccord de la philosophic avec la theologie, touchant la trarisub- stantiation.^* In this^ which contained part of his answer to father Valois, mentioned above, he revives the opinion of the celebrated Durand, who said, if the church decided that there was a transubstantiation in the eucharist, there' must remain something of what was bread, to make a dif- ference between the creatioiv and production of a thing which was not, and annihilation or a thing reduced to nothing. Caily sent this work in MS. to M. Basqage, who had been one of his scholars, but received no answer. In the mean time, uHwilling to delay a work which he hoped .would contribute to the conversion of the Protestants^ he engaged with a bookseller at Caeii to j^int only sixty copies, which he purposed to send to his friends at Paris^ and iobtain their opinion as to a 9iore extended publication. The bookseller, however, having an eye only to his own interest, undertook to assure Cally that the work would be approved by the doctors of the Sorbonne, and he therefore would print eight hundred. Cally unfortunately con- sented, and the work no sooner Appeared, than he who fondly hoped it would convert heretics, was himself treated as a heretic. M. de Nesmond, then bishop of Bayeuity condemned the work in a pastoral letter March SO, 1701^ and Cally in April following made his retractation,, which be not only read in his own churchy but it was read in ail- other churches ; and he also destroyed the impression, '^o that it is now classed among rare books. It was a smatt vol. 12mo, 1700, printed at Cologne, under the name of Pierre Marteau. Cally also published some of his sermons^ but they were too philosophical and dry for the closet, aK though ne had contrived to give them a popular effect in the pulpit. A work entitled <^ Doctrine heretique, &c, touchant la primaut^ du pape, enseign^e par les Jesuites dans leureoUege de Caen," is attributed to him, but as it bears date 1644, he must have then been too young. He died Dec. 31, 1709.*

CALMET (Augustine), a learned Benedictine of the college of £t Vannes, was born at Mesnil-la-Horgue, near Commercy, Feb. 26, 1672, arid was^ first educated in the priory Qf Breuil. In 1687 be went to study at the univer-

* Moreri*

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slty of Podt-a-Mousson, where be was taught a bonrM of rhetoric. On leaving this class, he entered among* tjfaa Benedictines in the abbey of St. Mansuy, in the fauxbourg of Touly Oct 17, 1683, and made profession in the same place Oct. 33, 1689. He began bis philosophical course ia the abbey of St Evre, and completed that and his theo« logical studies in the abbey o^St Munster. At his leisure hours be studied the Hebrew language with great attention and success, and likewise improved his knowledge of the Greek. In 1696 he was sent with some of his companions to the abbey of Moyenmoutier, where they studied the Holy Scriptures under P. D. Hyacinthe Ailiot Two years after, in 1698, Calmet was appointed to teach philosophy and theology to the young religious of that monastery, an employment which he filled until 1704, when he was sent, with the rank of sub-prior, to the abbey of Munster. There he was at the head, of an academy of eigh*t or ten religious^ with whom he pursued his biblical studies, and having, while at Moyenmoutier written commentaries and disserta- tions on various partes of the Bible, he here retouched and improved these, although without any other design, at this time, than his own instruction. During a visit, however, at Paris^ in 1706,.he was advised by the abb^ Duguet, to whom he had been- recommended by Mabillon, to publish bis commentaries in . French, and the first volume accord- ingly appeared in 1707, In 1715 he became prior of Lay, 9nd ia 1718 the chapter-general appointed him abb^ of St Leopold, of Nancy, and the year following he was made visitor of the congregation. In 1728 he was chosen abb£ .of Senones, on which occasion he reigned his priory of Lay. When pope Benedict XIII. confirmed his elec- tion, the cardinals proposed to his holiness that Calmet should also have the title of bishop in partibus in^^Utm^y with power to exercise the episcopal functions in those parts of the province which are exempt from the jurisdic^^ tion of the ordinary ; but this Calmet refused, and wrote on the subject to Rome. The pope in Sept. 1729, ad- dressed a brief to him, accepting of his excuses, and some time after sent •him a present of his works, in 3 vols. fol. Calmet took possession of the abbey of Senones, January 3, 1729, and continued his studies, and increased the )i* hraiy and museum belonging to th^ abbey with 9everal valuably purchases, particularly of the medals of the de- ceased M« de Corbei;on, • secretary of ^late, and of^ the na-

•O C A L M E T.

tural curiosities of M. Voile, Here he died Oct. 55, 1 757, respected, by all ranks, Roman cathplics and Protestantsy for his learning and candour, and by his more particular friends and those of his own order, for his amiable temper and personal virtues. • His learning, indeed, was most ex- tensive, as the greater part of his long life was devoted to study; but amidst such vast accumulation of materials, we are not surprised that he was sometimes deficient in se-* lection, and appears rather as a collector of facts, than a» an original thinker. His principal works are^ 1. ^^ Corn- men taire litteral sur tons les livres de T Ancien et du Nou- veau Testament," 1707 — 1716, 2S vols. 4to ; reprinted in 26 vols. 4to, and^ fol. and abridged in 14 vols. 4to. Rondet published a new edition of this abridgment in 17 vols. 4to, Avignon, 1767 — 1773. M. Fourmont, Arabic professor in the royal college, had begun an attack on this commentary*, because Calmet had not, as he thought^ paid sufficient respect to the rabbins, but the king (Louis XIV.) and the cardinal de Noailles obliged him to desist* The celebrated father Simon wrote some letters against Calmet) which were ccmimunicated to him by Pinsonnat, the. Hebrew professor, who did not approve of them, nor did Anquetille, the librarian of Tellier, archbishop of Rheims, nor were they published until eighteen or twenty years afterwards, and even then the censors expunged many illiberal passages respecting Calmet. 2. The " Dis- sertations and Prefaces" belonging to his commentary, published separately with nineteen new Dissertations^ Paris, 1720, 2 vols. 4to. 3. " Histoire de I'Ancien et da Nouveau Testament," intended as an introduction to Fleu- ry's " Ecclesiastical History," 2 and 4 vols. 4to ; and 5 and ■'7 vols. l2mo. 4. " Dictionnaire historique, critique, et chronologique de la Bible." Paris, 1730, 4 vols. foL This work, which is a valuable treasure of sacred history and criticism, was soon made known to the English public by a translation, in 3 vols. fol. London, 1732, by Sam.D'Oyly^ M. A. vicar of St. Nicholas, Rochester, and John Colson, F.R.S. vicar of Chalk, in Kent, a work elegantly printed and embellished with a profusion of fine engravings. A new edition appeared in 1793, 4to, with valuable additions from subsequent critics, travellers, and philosophers. 5« ** Histoire ecclesiastique' et civile de la Lorraine," .3 vola» foL reprinted 1745, in 5 vols. fol. 6. " Bibliotheque des Ecrivains de Lorraine/' fol, 1751. 7, '^ Histoire univer*

C A 1 M tT* il

tellie siBLcrie et pKO&t) e/' 1 5 i^ofe. 4to. Tbis €«1ri^ iid not live to finisfa, and in cKher 4res]p«e.ts it is -not iiis b«8l wotk. t. ^* Dissertatioms sur l<es apparii;ions des AugeSjAe^ De9koiti»^ et d^ Espms, etsorles ReveB.aM'et Vampires de ftongJEie^'' Paris, itr46, l2iiio,and£iDiVdl«n9 4 74d)i2g)a,awork,$aytte , FretKh crkics, in wbich tbere are many sy<ftptoin6 of old ag^| aad ha eredi»Iou8 weakn^sse^. it was how^^f%r translated and published in Ejngjish in 1739) Sv.p* The author admits «b^ reality of eppanHiiosis, on tke auidiorKy«of the scriptu^eS) but disGredit!! oiaiiy of the n]ira0uious stories coneeralng tbem to which his own church has given currency* ^4 ^'Coiskttientairelitteral^hi^torique, et aaioraJ, su'r la lliegLe da St. Benoit^" 1754, 2 vdk fto. 10. ** DeJaPoe$ie et Mu- aique des anciens HebreuK^^' A-npst. '1 723, ^vo. Hiti con-^ jectui^s on this subject, Dr. Bumey thinks, ^fe p^haps a*

Eobabie as vthose of any one of the nu melius authors who iT>e -exercised their skill in ^expounding and defining what some bav^e longsince <6bougbt involved in CiitMinei'iaii dark^ ness. Calrnet also left a vast number of manuscripts, ot father fi>anuscript coUeotions, as i,t had long been (his prac- tice to copy, or employ others to copy, whatever he found eufious in books. In 1733, be deposited in the royal libpary, a correct transcript of the Vedaai, a work which the natives of Hipdostan attribute to their legislator Sraiif>a» who 'received it, a,€Gording to their tradition, from God himself. Thiscopy came iiHoCaln^et^spossesufion^by meaiis # z bi^amin <who had been Gonyeyted by the Jesuit m^is-» tiottaries* Calmet's life was written by Dom Fang^, his BOphewand successor in the abbey of Senonos^ and pub- lished in 8vo. It was afterwards traoslat-ed into Italian by Benedetto Passionei, and published at Rome in 177^.^

CALMO (Andrew), who was born at Venice about th« year 1 5 10, became celebrated both as a comedian and aui author, tie composed several comedies in prose, of whioli %he best is bis Rodiaiva, which in fact belongs to him^ though -printed under the name of Ruzssants. There k tdso by bim^a volume of letters, ^entitiled '^'Discorsi Piace«> voK,*' IMS, Svo, oft^en reprinted, and which had a great ttm in vbeir day, af)d ^'^lie Giocose mo4erne, e faoefirsf ftme Egloghe Pas^orali/' Yenioe, 1^53, Hvo. These loti* tens, ^. as Mrell as-ahnosi aH his other woi4ss, are writteA te the Veiieti«a dialect. Calmo died at Vemoe jin 1 S^l I A

y Diet. Hist.— Haym fiiMivteta Italiana.

Vol. VIII. G

M C A L O N N E.

CALONNE (Charles Alexander de)) an eminent but unfortunate French minister, was born at Douay in 1734. His father was president of the parliaaieut of Fianders, and descended from a noble family, originally of Toarnay, and well known in the history of that city, which makes honour- able mention of his ancestors in the remotest times. Hav- ing finished his studies at the university of Paris with ex^ traordinary success, young Calonne was appointed, in his twenty-third year, advocate or solicitor- general of the su- perior council of Artois ; and before he had attained the age of twenty -five, was promoted to the office of procura- tor-general of the parliament of Flanders, the duties of which he performed with distinguished ability for six years. He was then called as rapporteur to the king's council, to report to his majesty the most momentous affairs of admi- nistration, of which arduous and laborious task he acquitted himself in a manner that evinced bis profound knowledge of the government, constitution, history, and jurisprudence of France, and established his reputation as a writer of no less perspicuity and judgment, than elegance and energy of diction*

In 1776, he was named intendant of the province of the Trois Eveches, and for four years fulfilled the duties of that important office with universal approbation, and greatly to the satisfaction of the inhabitants, by whom he was much beloved, and who expressed the utmost regret at his departure when he quitted that province in 1780, bein^ appointed intendant-general of Flanders and Artois. The same affability and mild and equitable conduct in the ad- ministration of public affairs, which had procured him theiif esteem, conciliated no less the affections of his country- men in Flanders, to whose commercial interests' he shewed particular attention, in promoting the fisheries and every useful establishment, both during the three years of his residence at Dunkirk, and after being appointed in 1783, comptroller-general of the finances, and minister of state. In this important office he continued until 1787, and during the period of his administration raised and maintained the public credit by a punctuality till then unknown in tbd payments of the royal treasury, although on his accession he found it drained to the lowest ebb, and had the mortifi-* pation to perceive that the annual income had long been: inadequate to the annual expenditure. To^trace the cause •f this deficiency^ its oiigin and pro^res^ was the sepifet

C A L O N N iTi sV

>vork of many an hour, supposed by the public to be de- voted to pleasure or repose, as he conceived it of the ut-. most importance to conceal the deficiency until he had explored its source, and provided such an adequate remedy for it, as might restore the proper equipoise between the annual income and expenditure, and provide a surplus for emergencies without increasing the burthens of the people beyond their ability to support. For this purpose he pre* vailed on the king to revive the ancient usage of national assemblies, by calling together the Notables of the king- dpm ; and after laying before them a true state of- the l^uances, he boldly proposed, as a chief remedy for the de* ficiency, that the pecuniitry privileges and exemptions of the nobility, clergy, and magistracy, should be suppressed;, and although aware that a measure which appeared to mill-' tate so much against the . immediate interests of the three most powerful ranks of the community must meet with op- position, he determined to risk the sacrifice of his own situ- ation, rather than longer to conceal or palliate the evil.

When this assembly met, Calonne accused his prede- cessor M. Necker, of having caused the deficiency by his system of loans, and of war y^ithout taxation ; and Calonne^s enemies, on their side, threw the blame on his personal ex- travagance, and his readiness in yielding to the unlimited' demands of the royal family. The comparative merits of those two ministers, equally unfortunate in the issue, may be probably ascertained by a perusal of the appeals they made to the public, M. Calonne in his ** Speech to the As- j^embly of Notables,'' in his '^Requete au Roi," and his " Reponse a I'Ecrit de M. Necker ;" and M. Necker in his ** Answer to Calonne's Speech, and Requete, &c." The consequence, however, of the opposition Calonne. met with, was, that the king withdrew his confidence from him, took from him the insignia of his order, and banished him to Lorraine. He and his brother presented themselves to the assemblies of the bailiwick of Bailleul in Flanders, but .were disrespectfully received, and obliged to withdraw into the Low Countries. He returned to France for a very short time, and in 1790 left it again, and retired to England. In 1791 the brothers of Louis XVI. summoned him to join them at Coblentz, where he for some time managed their finances, if not with ceconomy, at least wjith integrity, as appeared by hb inability two years afterwards to maintain his sou, Hdio served as a foot soldier in the corps of nobility in the *

e 2

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BTtivy of CondiS. It was at that tirtie that he ptoposed a plan of counter-tevotiition, which was not generally ap- proved iu the royalist party, to w'bom, it is certaiti that lAany of the sentiments he expressed in his political^ wri- tings, published at London in 1793 and 1796, were not ac« c^eptable. In 1 8d2, during the consular government, the re- putation of bis talents, which no party has questioned, |>ro- cured him permission to return to 'Prahce, where he gave ih some memorials on finani^e, which, however, were not fa- vourably deceived. Me died in Paris October 29, 1802.

In the course of his administration and exile he {yiblished, 1. " Observations et Jugemens sur plusieurs matieres da ^roit civil et coutumier,'* 17'8*, 4to. 2. " Gorrespon dance de N^ckcir avec Calonne,*' 1787; 4to. S. " Requete an Koi," 1787, 8vo. 4. " Reponse de Calohne a I'Ecrit de Necker," London, 1788, 2 vols. 8vo. 5. ** Second Lettrie au Roi/' ibid. 1789, 8vo. 6. " Notes sur \e Memoire re- mis par Necker au comit^ des subsistances,^' ibid. 178^^^ 12mo. 7. ** De Tetat de la France, present et a venir,** 1790, 8vo. He is also the reputed author of, 1. *' De Tetat de la France, tel quMl peut et quMl doit 6tre,^' London, 1790, 8\^o. 2. " Observations sur les Finances," ibid. 1790, 4to. 3. *^ Lettres d^un publiciste de France a un publi- diste d'Allemagne,'* 1791, 8vo. 4. " Esquisse de Tetat de la France,'* 1791, 8vo. 5. " Tableau de TEurope en No- vembre 1795," 1796, 8vo. 6. " Des financefs publiques de la France,'* 1797, 8vo. 7. " Lettre a I'auteur des Con- siderations sur I'etat des affaires publiques,*' 1798, 8vo.^— The abb6 Calonne, his brother, who accompanied him to England, was for some time editor of the '^ Courier de Lon- dres," and died in 1799. *

CALOVIUS (Abraham), a celebrated Lutheran divine, and one of the ablest opponents of the Socinians of his tiibe, was born Aug. 16, 1612, at Morungen in the ddchy of Brunswick, where his father was a man of some conse- quence. Having finished his studies, and especially di$« tinguished himself by his knowledge in oriental languages, he came to Rostock,^ where, in 1637, he took his doctor's degree in divinity, and some tim^ after was made professor of that faculty. He was very rigid in adhering to the Lu- theran tenets, and the firmness he displayed in a tbntro* tersy with John Bergius, a protestant divine, on the sub*

* ' • ' *

1 Plot HisL«-Blevtaphw Modern^ kcm

i

»

ject of th^ Lorfl^s supp€r^ Qcca$ipne<l his being appo|nte4 visitor pf t^d churches and schools pf the circle of ^^oilandi^ in Prussia^ and counsellor in ^he cpurt of justic^. In 1643 he was invited to Dantzjc^ ^nd made rector of the college. Ue.cai'ried on several controversies, especially with Martin Statins, a Lutheran deacon, with Henry NicoUi, professor of philosophy, and with John Caesar, a protfstant minister of Dantzic. In i65p he w^s appointed professor of ^ivinity at Witteniberg, and becfiipe one of th^ warmest opponent of the comprehending systein pfoppsed by palixtus (see Calixi us), apd the partizans of the respective poinbatants were called Calixtins and Caloyians. IThis dispute, con- ducted with much intemperance on both sides, tasted until bis death, Feb. 20,^ 1686. His principal yyqrks, exclusive of those he wrote against Bergius, Nicolai, and Calixt^s, were, I. "Metaphysica divina, etaliascriptaphilpsophiea.'* 2. ** Criticus sacer Bibliciis." 3. " Socinianismus proflU gatus." 4. " Systema loporum tbeplpgicorum/' 5. *f Cop- fiider^tip Arminianismi." 6. ^^ ^iblia illustrata,'* a Gem^ai^ Bible with Luther^s notes. His " Historia Syncretistipa,'* first published in 1682, W3$ suppressed by order of the; elector of $axony, a$ calculated to revive the dispute with Calixtus, but was republished in 1685.'

CALPRENEDE (Walter de Costes), a French dr^* matic and romance writer, was born in th^ chateai) of Toulgon in P^rigord, in the 4iocese 6f Cabors, about thci year 1612, and became gentleman in ordins^ry to the king. He i^ said to have conciliated the good opinio^ pf the court by bis happy talent for telling agreeable stories. Whpn a very yoqng man he wrote several tragedies and comedies i^bich procured him some reputation, particularly hia ♦^Mithridates" and the ^* Earl of Essex," but he was most celebrated for his romances, particularly ^* Cassandra," ** Cleopatra," and ** Pharamond," which gave place, how- ever, to a better taste in the course of some years, and are now thought intolerable by their insipidity and tediousness^ Calprenede had an excellent opinion of himself, and when the cardinal Richelieu said of some of his vei^ses, th^t they were dull, he replied that ^'nothing dull belonged to tb^ family of Calprenede." He died in 1663.*

CALPURNIUS, orCALPHURNIUS, a Latin poet, a nktive of Sicily, lived about the end of the thud centu^,

* Moreri.^-^xii Onomast-^I^osheiin^s UiBtory*

* Diet. Hiit,'>«^ Moferi ia art, Costes.

S6 . C A L P U R N I U S.

under the empetors Carus, Carinus, and Numerianns. Seven of his eclogues are extant, which were once in such high reputation as to be read in schools ; but they hav€ not preserved their reputation, and are generally considered, notwithstanding some occasional passages of genius, as indicating the declining taste of the age. Poggio is said to have found them in England, and sent them to his friend Niccolo Niccoli. They are published in the " Poeta) rei Vehaticae," Leyden, 1728, 4to, and in the "Poetse Latini Minores ;" but there are editions along with Silius Italicus and other wjriters, aseaCrlyas 1471, 1472, 1481, &c. The latest edition is that, of Beck, Leipsic, 1803, 8vo, with notes and a glossary. Adelung translated them into Ger- man, and published them in 1S05, in a magnificent man-r ner. *

CALVART (Denis), an artist, was born at Antwerp in 1553, and first painted landscapes, having accustomed him- self to retire to groves and fields, to study such scenes and objects after nature, as might be useful to him in that branch of his profession. But being desirous to obtain a better manner of designing figures, to adorn his landscapes, he determined to travel to Italy. In his journey he stopped at Bologna, where he unexpectedly met with many induce^ ments to detain him in that city for some time ; and became the disciple of iProspero Fontana, who had every qualifica-r' tion requisite for th^ improvement of his pupils, as well by his precepts as his performances. In such a situation Calvart applied himself diligently to his studies, not only carefully examining, but also copying the works of Co- reggio and Parmigiano ; and when he afterwards quitted the school of Fontana, he placed himself with Lorenzo Sabattihi, with whom he travelled to Rome, where he per- fected himself in design, in perspective, architecture, and anatomy. At his return from Rome to Bologna, which city he now considered as the place of his nativity, he there opened an academy ; and his style of colour pro- cured him a large number of disciples, among whom were some of the first rank for genius ; he is ^relebrated as the first instructor of Guido, Albano, and Domenichino^ as well as of several other excellent painters. He died in l6l9. In the Palazzo Ranuzzi, at Bologna, there is a fine picture by Calvart, representing two hermits, which is cor-

* Moreri. — Diet. Hift«-«Roscoe'8 Lorenzo.— -Saxii Onomast.

t^ALVART. «7

rectly designed, beautifully coloured, and delicately pen* ciiled ; and in the Pembroke collection, at Wilton, there is a Nativity painted by him* *

CALV£RT (George), descended from the ancient and noble house of Calvert, in the earldom of Flanders, and afterwards created lord Baltimore, was born at Kipling in